There is limited evidence regarding the use of virtual reality (VR) and interactive video gaming for improving arm function because there are few such commercial devices and little relevant research. However, evidence of the greater effectiveness of upper extremity VR training over that of conventional therapy after stroke has recently grown due to the adoption of various therapeutic devices. VR applications are novel and potent technologies for upper extremity rehabilitation after stroke because the interface technologies, augmented reality technologies, and various sensorimotor feedback techniques are rapidly advancing. Going forward, VR technology should be designed to provide the possibility of intense functional repetitive practice for patients. The combination of VR with robotic devices, neuromodulation, mirror therapy, and telerehabilitation may synergistically improve upper extremity function after stroke. In severely injured patients, robotic interfaces should be considered, the level of difficulty should be fitted appropriately to the severity of the deficits, and the fact that it is difficult to train patients repeatedly and effectively in a real-world environment should be considered. Further research should be conducted on the application of VR programs in larger populations, VR involving various training paradigms, VR at different exercise levels, and the long-term sustained effects of VR. In addition, synergistically enhanced effects of combining other treatments and feedback paradigms with well-designed interfaces should be investigated.
Arm ; Feedback, Sensory ; Humans ; Rehabilitation* ; Stroke* ; Upper Extremity*

No abstract available.
Neuroendocrine Cells* ; Prostate* ; Prostatic Hyperplasia*

A new local anesthetic, bupivacaine, is widely used for regional anesthesia because of its high potency and long duration of action. However, bupivacaine is reported to result in cardiovascular collapse associated with convulsion at a plasma concentration above the normal one, while other local anesthetics do not. Also resuscitation is very difficult. Although the mechanism of this action is not known, bupivacaine seems to have an influence on Ca2+ transport across cell membranes via various pathways. The present study was designed to evaluate the effects of bupivacaine on Ca2+ transport across cell membranes. The results are as follows: 1) Bupivacaine inhibites Ca2+ uptake by SR of skeletal muscle. 2) Bupivacaine suppressed the Bowditch and Woodworth staircase phenomena in a guines pig's left auricle, however this was reversible even at convulsant doses. 3) Bupivacaine also suppressed the Na+-Ca2+ exchange pump on guines pig's left auricle. 4) Bupivacaine increased the Ca2+-ATPase activity by SR of skeletal muscle. 5) At concentrations above 3ug/ml, bupivacaine induced cardiac arrhythmia. These findings suggest that bupivacaine-induced cardiotoxicity is possibly due to a Ca2+- channel blockade, depression of the Na+-Ca2+ pump, inhibition of Ca2+ uptake by SR and subsequent decrease of intracellular Ca2+ concentration.
Anesthesia, Conduction ; Anesthetics, Local ; Arrhythmias, Cardiac ; Bupivacaine* ; Calcium* ; Cell Membrane ; Depression ; Membranes* ; Muscle, Skeletal ; Plasma ; Resuscitation ; Seizures

No abstract available.
Hallermann's Syndrome*

Virtual reality (VR) therapy has many benefits to promote neurological and functional recovery in the field of neurorehabilitation after brain injury. VR-assisted neurorehabilitation can be applied in motor, sensori-motor, cognitive, activities of daily living (ADL), and telerehabilitation. Recent reports found that VR therapy appears to be a safe intervention that is effective at improving arm function and ADL function following stroke. Greater improvements were seen at a higher VR therapeutic dose. There has been insufficient evidence that VR therapy improved lower extremity gait speed, balance, and cognitive function after brain injury. As a result, the number of commercially available devices have increased and large-scale controlled trials have reported positive effects recently. Interface devices, various feedback methods, and the advancement of augmented reality technology are quickly developing, therefore, the potential value of VR therapy in neurorehabilitation will be high and its clinical application will be diversified.
Activities of Daily Living ; Arm ; Brain Injuries ; Cognition ; Gait ; Lower Extremity ; Neurological Rehabilitation* ; Rehabilitation ; Stroke ; Telerehabilitation

The fat embolism syndrome is a complication which encounters rarely after fractures of pelvis and long bones of lower extremity of severe injury of soft tissue, and may results in microinfarctions in lungs, brain, heart, kidneys and other important organs when fat globules flow from bone marrow into small vessels. And that is the one of the main cause of death within 72 hours after major trauma of long bones. Diagnosis of fat embolism syndrome was made by clinical criteria by Gurd, but, majority of cases didn't show characteristic clinical symptoms or signs. Recently CT and MRI of the brain are adopted to the diagnosis of FFS as a new method. Authors experiences six cases of fat embolism syndrome from Mar. 1991 to Mar. 1994 and analyzed the brain MRI findings. We concluded that the brain MRI findings such as diffuse brain swelling, petechial hemorrhage and microinfarctions were helpful to diagnose clinically apparent or subclinical fat embolism syndrome.
Bone Marrow ; Bones of Lower Extremity ; Brain Edema ; Brain ; Cause of Death ; Diagnosis ; Embolism, Fat ; Heart ; Hemorrhage ; Kidney ; Lung ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Methods ; Pelvis

No abstract available.

No abstract available.

As a series of systematic classification of paramphistomes, the worms in the rumen and reticulum of 310 Korean cattle slaughtered at Chonju abattoir were collected from February 1986 to June 1987 and were classified by morphology of the worms. Afterwards, the karyotype of Fischoederius cobboldi (Poirier, 1883), which is a very rare species in Korean cattle, was studied with germ cells of the worm by means of modified air-drying method. The chromosome numbers in the haploid and diploid cells of 315 F. cobboldi were n=9 and 2n=18, respectively. The meiotic divisions were observed frequently; 1,904 haploid and 49 diploid cells were recognized. Nine pairs of mitotic chromosomes were homologous in the metaphase stage and the chromosomes were composed of seven medium-sized metacentrics (m) or submetacentrics (sm) and two small-sized submetacentrics (sm). While, meiotic metaphases were composed of seven medium and two small-sized chromosomes. The 3rd, 4th, 2nd and 5th pairs of chromosomes was metacentric having centromere indices of 40.4 per cent, 40.0 per cent, 39.7 per cent and 38.9 per cent, respectively, and the remaining ones were submetacentric with centromere indices from 32.4 per cent to 36.2 per cent. As a series of C-banding method, C-band was shown in centromeric region from all of the haploid germ cells, except chromosome No. l which included heterochromatin at the tip region. Chromosomes No. 4, 6 and 8 showed remarkable C-band distinguished from others.
parasitology-helminth-trematoda ; paramphistome ; Fischoederius cobboldi ; karyotype ; cattle

No abstract available.
Oculomotor Nerve Diseases ; Oculomotor Nerve