This report offers descriptive data about the drugs utilized in outpatient department (OPD) of Yeungnam University Hospital (YUH) in the period of March to August in 1985. The data in this report were produced by the computerized totalization of the number of mentions of individual drugs included in the prescriptions. The 100 drug entries that were most frequently recorded are listed in rank order. The listing is arbiturarily restricted to the drugs that were prescribed as single preparations, the drugs of basis of compound preparations and the drugs of adjuvant or corrective of compound preparations that have significant therapeutic effects either by generic names. And in addition, the listing also involves the compound preparations used in relatively large frequency, and the individual components of which have the unique pharmacological actions each other by proprietary names. And all routes of administrations were allowed. The 10 drugs most frequently named are diazepam, aluminum compounds, acetaminophen, isoniazid, metoclopramide, polaramine®, carboxymethylcystein, ephedrine, codeine and caroverine in order. The 521, 855 drug mentions listed as above are described by the chief therapeutic usage that each is intended to apply generally. The drugs which account the largest proportion of total mentions were those acting on the central nervous system (20.57%), including tranquillizers and sedative hypnotics (11.71%), analgesic antipyretics (5.55%), antidepressants (2.15%) etc. Gastrointestinal drugs and smooth muscle preparations (18.64%) included antacids and antiulcer drugs (9.24%), antiemetics (3.57%), spasmolytics (3.14%) and others. Respiratory drugs (16.11%) included expectorants and cough preparations (10.99%) and bronchodilators (5.12%). Chemotherapeutic agents (15.12%) included the antiTbc drugs (7.09%) most frequently, and the penicillins (3.33%) accounted the largest proportion among the antibiotics. Cardiovascular drugs (5.64%) included cardiac drugs and coronary vasodilator (4.12%) and antihypertensives and vasodilators (1.06%). And antiinflammatory drugs (4.33%), vitamins of single preparations (3.76%), hormones and their antagonists (3.29%), common cold preparations (3.12%), diuretics (2.81%), drugs supporting liver function (2.02%), drugs affecting autonomic nervous system (1.89%) including antiglaucomas, atropine and cerebral vasodilators, antihistamine drug (1.02%) and disinfectants (0.74%) were following in order. The data in the report were compared to those reported by H. Koch, et al. in United States (US), 1981 as “Drugs Most Frequently Used in Office Practice : National Ambulatory Medical Case Survey, 1981.” Cardiovascular drugs prescribed in YUH were much less in proportion than in US (10.56%), but gastrointestinal drugs accounted the larger proportion than in US (3.72%). Expectorants and preparations in YUH also accounted the larger proportion than in US (2.74%). In conclusion, in the period of March to August, 1985, OPD of YUH prescribed the CNS drugs including diazepam most frequently, and gastrointestinal, respiratory and chemotherapeutic drugs in next orders. It is supposed that the eating habits of Koreans and a unique atmospheric condition in Taegu as a basin were some important factors that affected the proportions of drugs acting on gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts.
Acetaminophen ; Aluminum Compounds ; Antacids ; Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Antidepressive Agents ; Antiemetics ; Antihypertensive Agents ; Antipyretics ; Atropine ; Autonomic Nervous System ; Bronchodilator Agents ; Cardiovascular Agents ; Central Nervous System ; Codeine ; Common Cold ; Cough ; Daegu ; Diazepam ; Disinfectants ; Diuretics ; Eating ; Ephedrine ; Expectorants ; Gastrointestinal Agents ; Humans ; Hypnotics and Sedatives ; Isoniazid ; Liver ; Metoclopramide ; Muscle, Smooth ; Outpatients ; Parasympatholytics ; Penicillins ; Prescriptions ; Respiratory System ; Therapeutic Uses ; United States ; Vasodilator Agents ; Vitamins

No abstract available.
Hemangioblastoma* ; Spinal Cord*

PURPOSE: We performed this study to evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of dexamethasone in preventing laryngeal edema following exubation. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 100 neonates who underwent endotracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation. Subjects were divided into two groups; dexamethasone treated (60 cases, dexamethasone group) and non-treated (40 cases, control group). We examined the underlying diseases of endotracheal intubation, and compared the two groups, change in respiratory rate before and after extubation, rate of reintubation, and duration of treatment (oxygen therapy before and after extubation, postextubation admission, and total admission). And also investigated adverse effects in dexamethasone group. RESULTS: Respiratory distress syndrome was the most common underlying disease of endotracheal intubation in both groups. The duration of endotracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation was significantly longer in the dexamethasone group (P<0.05), but there were no statistical differences in change of respiratory rate, rate of reintubation, duration of treatment between the two groups. In the dexamethasone group, hypertension (8 cases; 13.3%) and hyperglycemia (3 cases; 5.0%) were observed shortly and recovered without any treatment. CONCLUSION: There were no significant differences between dexamethasone group and control group of this study in clinical efficacy, so we concluded that the prophylactic use of dexamethasone for the prevention of laryngeal edema following short-term intubation has room for reconsideration in the neonates. Further prospective randomized double-blind studies are needed to understand the clinical effects of dexamethasone and to define apparent risk factors for postextubation laryngeal edema.
Dexamethasone* ; Double-Blind Method ; Humans ; Hyperglycemia ; Hypertension ; Infant, Newborn* ; Intubation ; Intubation, Intratracheal ; Laryngeal Edema* ; Medical Records ; Respiration, Artificial ; Respiratory Rate ; Retrospective Studies ; Risk Factors

BACKGROUND: Multi-organ failure from sepsis is very lethal disease entity, which is suspected to be caused by activated inflammatory cells. Inflammatory cells activated by endotoxins generate oxidants and cytokines such as TNF-alpha and IL-6, which in turn stimulate macrophages and neutrophils. Augmented inflammation makes an organ-injury deteriorate into an organ-failure, which may progress to multi-organ failure. This study is designed to evaluate the therapeutic effects of vitamin-C, a scavenger of oxidants, in sepsis. METHODS: Male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 3 groups : a control group, a group injected intrapetoneally with LPS(lipopolysaccharide), and a group injected intraperitoneally with LPS and vitamin-C. Each eight rats were sacrified 24 hours and 48 hours after injection, and samples of the blood, the liver and the lung were obtained. Biochemical assays of TNF-alpha level in the blood and malondialdehyde(MDA) level, catalase activity and nitric oxide synthase(NOS) activity in the liver and the lung tissues were performed. RESULTS: Serum TNF-alpha level, tissue lipid peroxidation and tissue i-NOS activity were dramatically increased, and tissue catalase activity was exhausted rapidly in sepsis. High dose vitamin-C administration decreased serum TNF-alpha level, tissue lipid peroxidation and tissue i-NOS induction, and protected against catalase exhaustion. CONCLUSION: high dose vitamin-C therapy was proved to have definite antioxidant effect in septic condition.
Animals ; Antioxidants ; Catalase ; Cytokines ; Endotoxins ; Humans ; Inflammation ; Interleukin-6 ; Lipid Peroxidation ; Liver ; Lung ; Macrophages ; Male ; Models, Animal* ; Neutrophils ; Nitric Oxide ; Oxidants ; Rats* ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Sepsis* ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha

BACKGROUND: The toxicity of paraquat has been known to be caused by oxygen free radicals which leads to the lipid peroxidation and multiple organ failure. Although vitamin C has been known to be a potent antioxidant, recently there are numerous data which have shown that a low dose of vitamin C may act as a prooxidant due to the stimulation of the Fenton reaction with metal ions, which produces hydroxyl radicals. It has been reported that a deferoxamine in paraquat intoxication could reduce the production of the hydroxyl radicals by the inhibition of the Fenton reaction through the reduction of iron ion in tissue. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the high and low dose of vitamin C and deferoxamine on lipid peroxidation and plasma TNF-alpha in paraquat intoxication. METHODS: Female Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into seven groups: control group which was not given paraquat(20mg/kg), P group which was given paraquat only, PVH group given paraquat and high dose of vitamin C(100mg/kg), PVL group given paraquat and low dose of vitamin C(10mg/kg), PVHD given paraquat, high dose of vitamine C and deferoxamine(100mg/kg), PVLD given paraquat, low dose of vitamin C and deferoxamine, and PD given paraquat and deferoxamine. Animals were killed at 6 and 24 hours after treatment. Malondialdehyde(MDA), superoxide dismutase(SOD) and glutathione(GSH) contents, catalase activity, plasma TNF-alpha, and histologic changes in the lung and liver tissue were measured. RESULTS: The lung histology in the PVH and PD or PVHD groups showed the significant decreases in the alveolar edema and interstitial thickness compared to the P group. The liver histology in the PVH and PVHD groups demonstrated marked differences in the central venous and sinusoidal dilatation compared to that of the P group. While the MDA levels of the lung and liver in the PVH and PD groups showed the significant reduction compared to that of the P group at 6 hours after treatment, all groups showed the significant changes compared to the P group at 24 hours. There was no significant change of the SOD levels of the lung and liver at 6 hours among all groups. At 24 hours, the SOD levels of the lung in PVH, PVL, and PVHD groups showed the significant increases compared to the P group. The increase of the SOD level in groups combined with deforoxamine, however, revealed a little reduction. The SOD level of the liver in PVH group only significantly increased compared to the P group at 24 hours. There was no significant change of the GSH level of the lung and liver among all groups at 6 hours. At 24 hours, the GSH level of the lung and liver were significantly increased in both PVH and PD group and PVH group, respectively, compared to the P group. Although the catalase activity of the lung was not significantly increased, that of liver was significantly increased in both PVHD and PD groups compared to the P group at 6 hours. The catalase activities of the lung and liver were significantly increased in PVH, PD, and PVHD at 24 hours. The concentrations of the Plasma TNF-alpha were slightly decreased at 6 hours and slightly increased at 24 hours compared to that of the P group, but they were not significant. CONCLUSION: This study showed that although the low dose of vitamin C had no effect, the high dose of vitamin C revealed a decrease of the MDA level and an increase of SOD, GSH, and catalase activity in the lung and lung and liver tissues, and the effect of the high dose of vitamin C increased with time. The administration of the deferoxamine with or without high dose of vitamin C, however, significantly showed the inhibition of the lipid peroxidation and antioxidant effect and low dose vitamin C decreased the effect of deferoxamine. The effects of the vitamin C and deferoxamine on plasma TNF-alpha were not clearly shown.
Animals ; Antioxidants* ; Ascorbic Acid* ; Catalase ; Deferoxamine* ; Dilatation ; Edema ; Female ; Free Radicals ; Humans ; Ions ; Iron ; Lipid Peroxidation* ; Liver ; Lung ; Multiple Organ Failure ; Oxygen ; Paraquat* ; Plasma ; Rats* ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Superoxides ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha ; Vitamins*

This study was designed to investigate the effect of diazepam on the spontaneous contraction and oxytocin induced contraction of the isolated rat uterus. Female rat (Sprague-Dawley) pretreated with oophorectomy and 4 days administration of estrogen. Weighing about 200 g, was sacrificed by cervical dislocation, and the uteruses were isolated. A longitudinal muscle strip was placed in temperature controlled (37℃) muscle chamber containing Locke's solution and myographied isometrically. Diazepam inhibited the spontaneous contraction and oxytocin induced contraction of the isolated rat uterus in a concentration-dependent manner. GABA, muscimol, a GABA A receptor agonist, bicuculline, a competitive GABA A receptor antagonist, picrotoxin, a non competitive GABA A receptor antagonist, baclofen, a GABA B receptor agonist, and delta-aminovaleric acid, a GABA B receptor antagonist, did not affect on the spontaneous and oxytocin induced contraction of the isolated rat uterus. The inhibitory actions of diazepam on the spontaneous and oxytocin induced contraction were not affected by all the GABA receptor agonists and antagonists, but exceptionally potentiated by bicuculline. This potentiation-effect by bicuculline was not antagonized by muscumol. In normal calcium PSS, addition of calcium restored the spontaneous contraction preinhibited by diazepam and recovered the contractile of oxtrocin preinhibited by diazepam. A23187, a calcium inophore, enhanced the restoration of both the spontaneous and oxytocin induced contraction by addition of calcium. In calcium-free PSS, diazepam suppressed the restoration of spontaneous motility by addition of calcium but allowed the recovery of spontaneous motility to a considerable extent. Diazepam could not inhibit some development of contractility by oxytocin in calcium-free PSS, but inhibited the increase in contractility by subsequent addition of calcium. These results suggest that the inhibitory action of diazepam on the rat uterine motility does not depend on or related to GABA receptors and that diazepam inhibits the extracellular calcium influx to suppress the spontaneous and oxytocin induced contractilities.
Animals ; Baclofen ; Bicuculline ; Calcimycin ; Calcium ; Diazepam* ; Dislocations ; Estrogens ; Female ; GABA Agonists ; GABA-A Receptor Agonists ; GABA-A Receptor Antagonists ; GABA-B Receptor Agonists ; GABA-B Receptor Antagonists ; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid ; Humans ; Muscimol ; Ovariectomy ; Oxytocin* ; Picrotoxin ; Rats* ; Receptors, GABA ; Uterus*

Holoprosencephaly(HPE), a common developmental defect affecting the forebrain and cranioface, is etiologically heterogenous. Teratogen, chromosomal anomalies, genetic syndrome, or genetic disorder of non-syndromic HPE are usually accepted as etiology. But the severity of brain and craniofacial malformation are not associated with etiology. Individuals with microform of HPE, who usually have normal cognition and brain imaging, are at the risk of having children with HPE. Several studies on the basis of HPE gene have been performed, which shed valuable insight on normal brain development. As additional HPE genes are identified, more accurate recurrent risk counseling can be given. We experienced a case of recurrent HPE diagnosed by transabdominal ultrasound examinations at 22 weeks' gestation.
Brain ; Child ; Cognition ; Counseling ; Holoprosencephaly* ; Humans ; Microfilming ; Neuroimaging ; Pregnancy ; Prosencephalon ; Ultrasonography

Dr. Youn-Sic Chun and coworkers invented the new machine for getting information about the relative effectiveness of the orthodontic appliances and we named it Calorific machine. The author and colleagues used this machine to compare with tooth moving mechanism by 3 types of the insertion method of precision-TPA for derotating the posterior teeth. We measured the distance of tooth movement and found out the rotational center on the occlusal X-ray film and the tooth movement on the occlusogram and then processed paired t-test by SAS program. The results were as follow : 1. In the intermolar width, the mesial insertion method showed the loss of distance, and the other methods(-distal insertion method, mesial expansion method-) showed the increase of distance. 2. In the arch length, the distal insertion method was exhibited as most recommandable way for increasing the arch length. 3. The rotation center of the mesial insertion method for derotating the molar, was located between mesial pit and central pit of the lower 2nd molar. and, in the distal insertion method, it was located between distal pit and distolingual cusp, and in the mesial expansion method was located at distal pit.
Molar ; Orthodontic Appliances ; Tooth Movement ; Tooth* ; X-Ray Film

PURPOSE: There are many cases of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT) presenting to the emergency department (ED) with palpitation as the presenting symptom. Adenosine is usually administered for conversion to normal sinus rhythm, with a possible second dose in the case of no response. As adenosine has a short acting time, administration of the drug at a vessel as close to the heart as possible is recommended, followed by an extra normal saline bolus infusion. In this study, we hypothesized a better outcome when adenosine was administered after proper injection method instruction was given to the medical staff. METHODS: We retrospectively studied the population of PSVT patients treated with adenosine. The cases were divided into two groups: one group consisted of cases a year before instruction for adenosine use became routine practice, and the second was comprised of cases a year after instruction protocols had been put into place. We further analyzed the proportion of patients who converted to normal sinus rhythm after a single dose of adenosine. RESULTS: All 306 patients were included. Before instruction, 46 patients (40.0% of 115) converted to normal sinus rhythm after the first dose. After instruction, 108 patients (56.5% of 191) converted to normal sinus rhythm after the first dose, which was statistically significant (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: After receiving proper education, more patients converted to normal sinus rhythm after the first dose. Instruction for proper adenosine injection technique for PSVT cases can increase the success rate of rhythm conversion on the first attempt.
Adenosine* ; Education ; Emergencies* ; Emergency Medical Services ; Emergency Service, Hospital* ; Heart ; Humans ; Medical Staff ; Retrospective Studies ; Tachycardia, Supraventricular*

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate the three-dimensional (3D) position of the center of resistance of 4 mandibular anterior teeth, 6 mandibular anterior teeth, and the complete mandibular dentition by using 3D finite-element analysis. METHODS: Finite-element models included the complete mandibular dentition, periodontal ligament, and alveolar bone. The crowns of teeth in each group were fixed with buccal and lingual arch wires and lingual splint wires to minimize individual tooth movement and to evenly disperse the forces onto the teeth. Each group of teeth was subdivided into 0.5-mm intervals horizontally and vertically, and a force of 200 g was applied on each group. The center of resistance was defined as the point where the applied force induced parallel movement. RESULTS: The center of resistance of the 4 mandibular anterior teeth group was 13.0 mm apical and 6.0 mm posterior, that of the 6 mandibular anterior teeth group was 13.5 mm apical and 8.5 mm posterior, and that of the complete mandibular dentition group was 13.5 mm apical and 25.0 mm posterior to the incisal edge of the mandibular central incisors. CONCLUSIONS: Finite-element analysis was useful in determining the 3D position of the center of resistance of the 4 mandibular anterior teeth group, 6 mandibular anterior teeth group, and complete mandibular dentition group.
Crowns ; Dentition* ; Incisor ; Periodontal Ligament ; Splints ; Tooth ; Tooth Movement