This study was done to identify the reality in doing the intradermal skin test of injectional antibiotics and to serve a basis to the clinical and educational situations. For the study, the survey was done to the staff nurses who are working at one of the selected 39 hospitals in the capital area, from January 6 to Feburary 8 in 1997. The data analysis was done by mean, standard deviation, Fisher's exact test, t-test, ANOVA through running SAS computer program. The results of the study were as follows : 1.The dilution ratio of the antibiotics was mostly 1 : 10 regardless of what kind of antibitics. Making the contrast was done only for the suspended to the antibiotics. Mostly the reaction was detected after 15 to 20 minutes from its diameter of redness and wheals. Most of the respondents answered they do the intradermal skin test only once for the same antibiotics. 2. In the education on the skin test the 66.7% from the respondents had exposed to the education mostly through the new nurses orientation. The 85.4% from them answered the need of the continuous education which had a significant difference in the number of beds(p=.046). The had experiences of detecting positive reactions(98.3%), and of anaphyaxis(49.5%) which had a significant difference in experience(p=.002) and in their age groups(p=.000). 3. The average score of the confidence on the intradermal skin test was 3.32 form 4-point scale. Also it had a significant difference from the number of beds(p=.010), the year of experiences(p=.016), and their age groups(p=.046). 4. From the general characteristics of respondents, the infection methods had a significant difference in the amounts of injection, whether adopting the contrast pairing, and the repeatable skin tests for the same antibiotics. 5. Only 15 from 39 hospitals had their protocol about the intradermal skin test provided by nursing department which differs in its contents from that provided by the medical information center. From the results of the study, it is suggested that the continuous education on the intradermal skin test and its unified protocol should be provided. Also it is recommended that the drug manufacturer should notice about its anaphylactic cautions and pack its extra skin test use.
Anti-Bacterial Agents* ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Education ; Information Centers ; Nursing ; Running ; Skin Tests* ; Skin* ; Statistics as Topic

To investigate how the beverage consumption of middle school students are different in some respects; favorite kinds, drinking time and so on. 579 middle school students in Jeonju were participated in this study. This study shows the frequency of drinking beverage and the correlation between the frequency and the various factors to have effects on the frequency. The students usually drink water 8.55 times, milk or yogurt 3.01 times, sport beverage 2.13 times, soft drink 1.93 times, and fruit and vegetable juice 1.85 times for one week. The boy students prefer more soft or sport drink to the girl students. However the drinking of other beverages such as water, milk, juice, traditional ones don't have any meaningful differences between the boys and the girls. The students drink water mostly when they have meals. And the second consuming beverage is milk at table. It explains the students who drink more milk than water with bread. There is a big difference according to their excercise frequency. The students who excercise regularly or excercise over 3 hours drink more soft or sport drink and milk or yogurt than the students who exercise less than 1 hour. The beverages are firstly needed during the exercise because they sweat. And the second beverage time is when they have snacks and when they take a break. It should be suggested that nutrition education targeted to middle school students and their parents should encourage limited consumption of soft drinks. Therefore, policies that limit students' access to soft drinks at schools should be promoted.
Beverages* ; Bread ; Carbonated Beverages ; Drinking ; Education ; Female ; Fruit ; Humans ; Jeollabuk-do* ; Male ; Meals ; Milk ; Parents ; Snacks ; Sports ; Sweat ; Vegetables ; Water ; Yogurt

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the relationship between gestational age, tubal ultrasonographic diameter, and serum beta-hCG levels and different stages of trophoblastic infiltration of the tubal wall in tubal pregnancy. METHODS: The 45 cases of fallopian tube containing tubal pregnancy were reviewed. Gestational age, diameter of the tubal mass, and beta-hCG level on the day of surgery were calculated by transvaginal sonography and immunoassay respectively. The tubal pregnancy was classified according to the depth of trophoblastic infiltration: trophoblast limited to the tubal mucosa (stage I), extension to the tubal muscularis (stage II), or complete tubal wall infiltration up to the serosa discontinued by trophoblastic cells (stage III). RESULTS: 14 patients (31.1%) had stage I tubal infiltration, 10 patients (22.2%) had stage II infiltration, 21 patients (46.7%) had stage III infiltration. There was no relationship between gestational age, tubal diameter and stage, but there was a predictable correlation between beta-hCG and the depth of trophoblastic invasion. The median beta-hCG level was 1,332.1 mIU/mL (range, 215-2,995 mIU/mL) for patients with stage I infiltration, 9,548.0 mIU/mL (range, 569-43,989 mIU/mL) for stage II infiltration, and 23,087.9 mIU/mL (range, 1,373-98,000 mIU/mL) for stage III infiltration. Cut off level of beta-hCG for each stage were 1,996.5 mIU/mL (stage I vs II, III) and 5,665 mIU/mL (stage I, II vs III) respectively. CONCLUSION: These findings may explain why beta-hCG is a important predicting factor for invasion of trophoblast in tubal pregnancy.
Chorionic Gonadotropin* ; Fallopian Tubes ; Female ; Gestational Age ; Humans* ; Immunoassay ; Mucous Membrane ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy, Tubal* ; Serous Membrane ; Trophoblasts*

PURPOSE: Recently allergic diseases have gradually increased in schools and among preschool aged childhood. Pollen amount of weeds also, especially ragweed, were increased. We evaluated the increased pollen count of weed was associated with the sensitization rate to weed in childhood. METHODS: Airborne particles carrying allergens were collected daily from eight stations nationwide(Seoul, Guri, Cheongju, Daegu, Kwangju, Busan, Kangneung, and Jeju) by using 7 days-Burkard sampler(Burkard Manufacturing Co Ltd, Hertfordshire, UK), for 7 years in South Korea(July 1, 1997-June 30, 2004). They were counted and recorded along with the weather. Data was collected through pediatric patients with allergic symptoms, who visit the pediatrics allergy clinics and capable of allerfy skin test among hospitals that have pollen collecting centers. RESULTS: Airborne pollen has two peak seasons:May and September in Korea. There were the tree pollen seasons from the middle of February to late July, then followed the grasses and weed season from the middle of July to the end of October. Ragweed was one of the most common pollens of autumn in Korea. In skin prick tests, Mugwort was the highest sensitization rate(7.6 percent), followed by ragweed(7.1 percent), birch(6.1 percent), alder, grasses mix among the pollen extracts in Korean school aged children. Ragweed pollen counts have gradually increased since 2000. In the same period, sensitization rates for airborne pollen, especially weeds, in Korean children have increased annually(1999:4.4 percent, 2000:7.1 percent, 2001:7.4 percent, 2002:8.5 percent, 2003:7.7 percent). CONCLUSION: Sensitization rates for outdoor airborne pollens have increased in Korean children. These findings might result from the changes of life styles and living environments in Korea.
Allergens ; Alnus ; Ambrosia ; Artemisia ; Busan ; Child* ; Chungcheongbuk-do ; Daegu ; Gangwon-do ; Gwangju ; Humans ; Hypersensitivity ; Korea* ; Life Style ; Pediatrics ; Poaceae ; Pollen* ; Seasons ; Skin ; Skin Tests ; Weather