No abstract available.
Animals ; Ligation* ; Neuralgia* ; Rats* ; Rhizotomy* ; Spinal Cord* ; Spinal Nerves*

Moyamoya disease is a rare occlusive cerebrovascular disease characterized by stenosis or occlusion of the main cerebral arteries. It has a tendency for multifactorial inheritance and familial occurrence, although its pathogenesis is not clear. We observed this disease in two girls from the same family:one was eight years old and the other was 45 months. They presented with transient ischemic attacks. We performed cerebral angiography on both patients and magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) on the younger. Both approaches showed the typical features of moyamoya disease, and MRA successfully revealed abnormal findings specific for the disease in the second child. Both children received encephaloduroarteriosynangiosis (EDAS) and this produced good results. MRA is thus a powerful and noninvasive way of detecting individuals at high risk of developing this disease. Considering the reported familial incidence of moyamoya disease in Japan, a careful search for family members using MRA would probably reveal many more such cases in Korea.
Cerebral Angiography ; Cerebral Arteries ; Child ; Constriction, Pathologic ; Female ; Humans ; Incidence ; Ischemic Attack, Transient ; Japan ; Korea ; Magnetic Resonance Angiography ; Moyamoya Disease* ; Multifactorial Inheritance

No abstract available.
Coronary Vessels* ; Fistula*

Purpose: To report the availability of optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) when diagnosing type 1 and type 2 choroidal neovascularization (CNV) associated with age-related macular degeneration. Methods: We conducted a retrospective chart review of 63 eyes of 59 patients who visited the outpatient clinic from April 2018 to January 2020 with treatment-naïve type 1/2 CNV associated with age-related macular degeneration. The CNV was diagnosed through fluorescein angiography and indocyanine green angiography on the appearance of hyperfluorescence and leakage at the late phase. The CNV type was classified by location using OCT. These results were compared with those of automatic and manual segmentations via OCTA. Results: Of the 63 eyes, 45 eyes showed type 1 CNV and 18 eyes indicated type 2 CNV. Using the automatic segmented display of OCTA, type 1 CNV was identified in 29 of 45 eyes and type 2 CNV was confirmed in 17 of 18 eyes. In addition, when manual segmentation was performed, type 1 CNV was found in 41 of 45 eyes and type 2 CNV in 18 of 18 eyes. The sensitivity of diagnosis of type 1 CNV using only automatic segmentation in OCTA was 64.44%; the sensitivity increased to 91.11% when additional manual segmentation was performed (p < 0.001). For type 2 CNV, the sensitivity was 94.44% using automatic segmentation in OCTA and 100% with additional manual segmentation (p = 1.000). Conclusions Automatic segmentation of OCTA and OCT analyses enabled diagnosis of type 1 and type 2 CNV associated with age-related macular degeneration. The diagnosis accuracy or type 1 CNV improved significantly when manual segmentation was added.

Purpose: To report the availability of optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) when diagnosing type 1 and type 2 choroidal neovascularization (CNV) associated with age-related macular degeneration. Methods: We conducted a retrospective chart review of 63 eyes of 59 patients who visited the outpatient clinic from April 2018 to January 2020 with treatment-naïve type 1/2 CNV associated with age-related macular degeneration. The CNV was diagnosed through fluorescein angiography and indocyanine green angiography on the appearance of hyperfluorescence and leakage at the late phase. The CNV type was classified by location using OCT. These results were compared with those of automatic and manual segmentations via OCTA. Results: Of the 63 eyes, 45 eyes showed type 1 CNV and 18 eyes indicated type 2 CNV. Using the automatic segmented display of OCTA, type 1 CNV was identified in 29 of 45 eyes and type 2 CNV was confirmed in 17 of 18 eyes. In addition, when manual segmentation was performed, type 1 CNV was found in 41 of 45 eyes and type 2 CNV in 18 of 18 eyes. The sensitivity of diagnosis of type 1 CNV using only automatic segmentation in OCTA was 64.44%; the sensitivity increased to 91.11% when additional manual segmentation was performed (p < 0.001). For type 2 CNV, the sensitivity was 94.44% using automatic segmentation in OCTA and 100% with additional manual segmentation (p = 1.000). Conclusions Automatic segmentation of OCTA and OCT analyses enabled diagnosis of type 1 and type 2 CNV associated with age-related macular degeneration. The diagnosis accuracy or type 1 CNV improved significantly when manual segmentation was added.

PURPOSE: To find clinical factors related to the long-term outcome of binocularity in accommodative esotropia. METHODS: Forty-nine patients with accommodative esotropia who were followed over 5 years after successful optical alignment within 8 prism diopters of orthophoria at near and distance with glasses including bifocals were included. The patients who had stereo acuity better than 50 seconds/arc and central fusion without suppression scotoma at the final visit were divided into the bifoveal fusion group and the others were divided into the peripheral fusion group. Clinical factors were analyzed between the two groups (Chi-square test, student t-test). RESULTS: Of the 49 patients, 15 patients were included in the bifoveal fusion group and 34 patients were included in peripheral fusion group. Mean follow-up was 88.9 +/- 25.4 months. Clinical factors that were significantly related to the bifoveal fusion group were older age of onset, shorter duration of misalignment, intermittent esotropia at the initial visit and after initial optical correction, smaller residual deviations at distance after initial optical correction and at the final visit, and lesser amblyopia. CONCLUSIONS: To obtain better levels of long-term binocularity, optical correction should be done as early as possible, before the presence of constant eye misalignment or amblyopia, and the residual esodeviations after optical correction should be kept as small as possible.
Age of Onset ; Amblyopia ; Esotropia* ; Eyeglasses ; Follow-Up Studies ; Glass ; Humans ; Scotoma ; Telescopes*

The uptake of glucose for metabolism and growth is essential to most animal cells and is mediated by glucose-transporter (GLUT) proteins. The aim of this study was to determine which class of glucose transporter molecules was responsible for uptake of glucose in the mouse early embryo and at which stage the corresponding genes were expressed. In addition, co-culture system with vero cell was used to investigate the effect of the system on GLUT expression. Two-cell stage embryos were collected from the superovulated ICR female and divided into 3 groups. As a control, embryos were cultured in 0.4% BSA-T6 medium which includes glucose. For the experimental groups, embryos were cultured in either co-culture system with vero cells or glucose-free 76 medium supplemented with 0.4% BSA and pyruvate as an energy substrate. 2-cell to blastocyst stage embryos in those groups were respectively collected into microtubes (50 embryos/tube). Total RNA was extracted and RT-PCR was performed. The products were analysed after staining ethidium bromide by 2% agarose gel electrophoresis. Blastocysts were collected from each group at 120hr after hCG injection. They were fixed in 2.5% glutaraldehyde, stained with hoechst, and mounted for observation. In control, GLUT1 was expressed from 4-cell to blastocyst. GLUT2 and GLUT3 were expressed in morula and blastocyst. GLUT4 was expressed in all stages. When embryos were cultured in glucose-free medium, no significant difference was shown in the expression of GLUTI1, 2 and 3, compared to control. However GLUT4 was not expressed until morular stage. When embryos were co-cultured with vero cell, there was no significant difference in the expression of GLUT1, 2, 3 and 4 compared to control. To determine cell growth of embryos, the average cell number of blastocyst was counted. The cell number of co-culture (93.8+/-3.1, n=35) is significantly higher than that of control and glucose-free group (76.6 +/- 3.8, n=35 and 68.2+/-4.3, n=30). This study shows that the GLUT genes are expressed differently according to embryo stage. GLUTs were detectable throughout mouse preimplantation development in control and co-culture groups. However, GLUT4 was not detected from 2- to 8-cell stage but detected from morula stage in glucose-free medium, suggested that GLUT genes are expressed autocrinally in the embryo regardless of the presence of glucose as an energy substrate. In addition, co-culture system can increase the cell count of blastocyst but not improve the expression of GLUT. In conclusion, expression of GLUT is dependent on embryo stage in preimplantation embryo development.
Animals ; Blastocyst ; Cell Count ; Coculture Techniques ; Electrophoresis, Agar Gel ; Embryonic Development ; Embryonic Structures* ; Ethidium ; Female ; Glucose Transport Proteins, Facilitative* ; Glucose* ; Glutaral ; Humans ; Metabolism ; Mice* ; Morula ; Pregnancy ; Pyruvic Acid ; RNA ; Vero Cells

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to examine the effects of the social engagement (size of the social networks, social support, social conflict) by relationship types (spouse, family and kin, and neighbor and friends) on the cognitive functions of older adults in rural communities. METHODS: The participants of this study were normal older adults who participated in the first wave of the Korean Social Life, Health and Aging Project. Five hundred two older adults (men 218, women 284) aged 60 and over (mean age=71.44±6.81) participated. We analyzed the effects of different types of social engagement on Mini-Mental State Examination for Dementia Screening (MMSE-DS) performance using hierarchical multiple regression analysis. RESULTS: The result showed that, after controlling for the education level and age, the social support from the spouse, the conflict with neighbors or friends, the number of neighbors or friends significantly predicted MMSE-DS scores. These three variables accounted for additional 5.2% of the total variance of MMSE-DS. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that social engagement (network size, support, conflict) is associated with cognitive function among older adults. However, social engagement in different types of social relationship may contribute differently to cognitive function of older adults.
Adult* ; Aging ; Cognition ; Cognitive Aging ; Cognitive Reserve ; Dementia ; Education ; Female ; Friends ; Humans ; Mass Screening ; Rural Population ; Spouses

PURPOSE: As comprehensive nursing care service has gradually expanded, it has become necessary to explore the various opinions about it. The purpose of this study is to explore the large amount of text data regarding comprehensive nursing care service extracted from online news and social media by applying a semantic network analysis. METHODS: The web pages of the Korean Nurses Association (KNA) News, major daily newspapers, and Twitter were crawled by searching the keyword ‘comprehensive nursing care service’ using Python. A morphological analysis was performed using KoNLPy. Nodes on a ‘comprehensive nursing care service’ cluster were selected, and frequency, edge weight, and degree centrality were calculated and visualized with Gephi for the semantic network. RESULTS: A total of 536 news pages and 464 tweets were analyzed. In the KNA News and major daily newspapers, ‘nursing workforce’ and ‘nursing service’ were highly rated in frequency, edge weight, and degree centrality. On Twitter, the most frequent nodes were ‘National Health Insurance Service’ and ‘comprehensive nursing care service hospital.’ The nodes with the highest edge weight were ‘national health insurance,’‘wards without caregiver presence,’ and ‘caregiving costs.’‘National Health Insurance Service’ was highest in degree centrality. CONCLUSION: This study provides an example of how to use atypical big data for a nursing issue through semantic network analysis to explore diverse perspectives surrounding the nursing community through various media sources. Applying semantic network analysis to online big data to gather information regarding various nursing issues would help to explore opinions for formulating and implementing nursing policies.
Boidae ; Caregivers ; Communications Media ; Humans ; Insurance, Health ; Nursing Care* ; Nursing Services ; Nursing* ; Periodicals ; Semantics* ; Social Media*

OBJECTIVES: We performed anterior spinal fusion and instrumentation in treatment of spinal tuberculosis. The clinical results of this operation and metal-related complications were evaluated to determine the rationale of anterior instrumentation in active tuberculous lesion. METHODS: From July 1989 to February 1993, we treated twenty-one patients with spinal tuberculosis by radical resection of the tuberculous lesion and bone grafting, followed by anterior instrumentation using Zielke rod system. The changes in spinal deformity were measured from lateral spinal radiographs obtained preoperatively and postoperatively at 3 months, 6 months, 1 year, 2 years and final follow-up. The recurrence of infection and possible complications were also observed clinically and radiologically. RESULTS: The mean kyphotic angle was decreased preoperatively from 21 degrees to 16 degrees at final follow-up in patients with thoracolumbar tuberculous lesions. The mean deformity angle was corrected 7 degrees in thoracolumbar tuberculosis and 12 degrees in lumbar tuberculosis compared with the preoperative deformity angle. There was not any persistence or recurrence of infection possibly related to the instrumentation. All patients were allowed early ambulation with the aid of a light brace. CONCLUSION: The clinical and radiological results suggested that the anterior instrumentation seemed to be one of the rational approaches for providing immediate stability in treating severe spinal tuberculosis without any significant risk of persistence or recurrence of infection.
Bone Transplantation ; Braces ; Congenital Abnormalities ; Early Ambulation ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Recurrence ; Spinal Fusion ; Tuberculosis ; Tuberculosis, Spinal*