Background: The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships between smartphone addiction of middle school students and smartphone usage types, depression, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), stress, interpersonal problems, and parenting attitude. In particular, we wanted to find out how smartphone usage types predict smartphone addiction when controlling depression, ADHD, perceived stress, interpersonal problems, and parenting attitudes, which are the main predictors of existing smartphone addiction in this study. Methods: The subjects of this study included 487 local middle school students (253 girls and 234 boys). The measurement instruments used were the smartphone addiction scale, patient health questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), Korean ADHD rating scales (K-ARS), perceived stress scale (PSS), Short form of the Korean-inventory of interpersonal problems circumplex scales (KIIP-SC), and the parenting attitude scale. We identified the relationships between the variables with correlation analysis and examined the predictors of smartphone addiction with hierarchical multiple regression analysis.Result: The factors that influence smartphone addiction were sex (β = 3.14, P < 0.01), stress (β = 2.99, P < 0.01), and interpersonal problems (β = 3.81, P < 0.001). In addition, when the confounding variables of smartphone addiction were controlled to examine the effects of smartphone usage types on smartphone addiction, social network service (SNS) (β = 2.66, P < 0.01) and music/videos (β = 2.73, P < 0.01) were found to significantly positively affect smartphone addiction, whereas study (β = −2.54, P < 0.05) had a significantly negatively effect. And these factors explained 29.5% of the variance in smartphone addiction. Conclusion The order of the usage types with the highest influence on smartphone addiction was: enjoying music/videos, SNS, and study. This suggests that selective intervention depending on the main smartphone usage type can be effective.

Background: The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships between smartphone addiction of middle school students and smartphone usage types, depression, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), stress, interpersonal problems, and parenting attitude. In particular, we wanted to find out how smartphone usage types predict smartphone addiction when controlling depression, ADHD, perceived stress, interpersonal problems, and parenting attitudes, which are the main predictors of existing smartphone addiction in this study. Methods: The subjects of this study included 487 local middle school students (253 girls and 234 boys). The measurement instruments used were the smartphone addiction scale, patient health questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), Korean ADHD rating scales (K-ARS), perceived stress scale (PSS), Short form of the Korean-inventory of interpersonal problems circumplex scales (KIIP-SC), and the parenting attitude scale. We identified the relationships between the variables with correlation analysis and examined the predictors of smartphone addiction with hierarchical multiple regression analysis.Result: The factors that influence smartphone addiction were sex (β = 3.14, P < 0.01), stress (β = 2.99, P < 0.01), and interpersonal problems (β = 3.81, P < 0.001). In addition, when the confounding variables of smartphone addiction were controlled to examine the effects of smartphone usage types on smartphone addiction, social network service (SNS) (β = 2.66, P < 0.01) and music/videos (β = 2.73, P < 0.01) were found to significantly positively affect smartphone addiction, whereas study (β = −2.54, P < 0.05) had a significantly negatively effect. And these factors explained 29.5% of the variance in smartphone addiction. Conclusion The order of the usage types with the highest influence on smartphone addiction was: enjoying music/videos, SNS, and study. This suggests that selective intervention depending on the main smartphone usage type can be effective.

A retrospective review of fifty patients with carcinoma of hypopharynx treated with RT+/-surgery was studied for eleven-year period from 1974 to 1984. Of the 50 patients, 46 were pyriform sinus in origin, 4 were posterior pharyngeal wall. Eighty-eight percent of patients were locoregionally advance (stage III, IV) and 78% of patients presented cervical lymphadenopathy. 5-year disease-free survival rate of the pyriform sinus ca. was 25.4% in RT alone group, 80% in combined modality group and 30.6% in overall. Local control rate with RT alone in early stage (II) was excellent (100%), however combined modality appears to be better for local control (80%) in advanced stage (III, IV) as compared with that of RT alone group (32%). On basis of this study, RT alone is effective in terms of local control and functional preservation in treatment of early stage of pyriform sinus ca. while surgery can be reserved for salvage purpose when RT fails and combined modality is recommended in patients with locally advanced stage for better local control and survival.
Disease-Free Survival ; Humans ; Hypopharynx ; Lymphatic Diseases ; Pyriform Sinus ; Radiotherapy ; Retrospective Studies

Carcinomas of the lung, breast and lymphoma account for approximately 75% of malignant pleural effusions and the metastatic ovarian carcinoma is the fourth leading cause of malignant pleural effusions. The diagnosis of a malignant pleural effusion is established by demonstrating malignant cells in the pleural fluid or in the pleural biopsy. Chemical pleurodesis should be considered in cases of patients with malignant pleural effusion, who were not responded with systemic chemotherapy. We experienced a case of malignant pleural effusion treated by chemical pleurodesis, which was developed in a patient with ovarian carcinoma and we report it with the brief review or literatures.
Biopsy ; Breast ; Diagnosis ; Drug Therapy ; Humans ; Lung ; Lymphoma ; Pleural Effusion, Malignant* ; Pleurodesis*

Adult ; Animals ; Bone and Bones ; Bone Regeneration ; Connective Tissue ; Hemorrhage ; Humans ; Inflammation ; Male ; Osteogenesis ; Rabbits ; Skull ; Sutures ; Titanium ; Transplants