Objective To screen early urine protein markers for minimal change nephropathy.Methods Adriamycin nephropathy was employed as minimal change nephropathy model.Urinary protein and ConA captured glycoproteins were respectively profiled.Results By profiling urine proteome,25 differential proteins were identified.These differential proteins were from leaked plasma proteins,secreted proteins from immuno-and inflammatory cells,specifically asecreted proteins from urinary tract,and so on.They took part in different pathogenic process,eg.hemodynamic changes,podocytes injury,immunological disorder and so on.By profiling ConA-enriched urinary glycoproteome,21 differential proteins were identified,among which 12(57%) were different from the above 25 differential proteins.This indicates that the knowledge of urine glycoproteome is complementary to urine proteome in understanding kidney condition.Conclusion These differential proteins can be potential indicators of minimal change nephropathy,and can help better understand the pathogenesis by further studying their functions.

Objective:To explore changes of oxidized loW density lipoprotein (ox-LDL)and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-αcontent in patients With different degrees coronary heart disease (CHD)and their correlation.Methods:A total of 100 CHD patients diagnosed by coronary angiography (CAG)Were selected and divided into stable angina pectoris (SAP)group (n=23),unstable angina pectoris (UAP)group (n=48)and acute myocardial infarction (AMI)group (n=29);single vessel group (n=31),double vessel group (n=33)and multi-vessel disease group (n=36);mild stenosis group (n=27), moderate stenosis group (n=31)and severe stenosis group (n=42).A total of 30 middle-aged and aged people Without CHD and severe organic diseases,Were enrolled as healthy control group.Content of total cholesterol (TC),triglyceride(TG),high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C),loW density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C),ox-LDL and TNF-α Were measured among above groups.Results:Compared With healthy control group,there Were significant increase in blood lipid levels (except HDL-C),TNF-αlevel,and significant decrease in HDL-C level in CHD group,P <0.05 all; compared With SAP group,thereWere significant increase in levels of ox-LDL and TNF-αin UAP group and AMI group (P <0.05 all),and those of AMI groupWere significantly higher than those of UAP group (P <0.05 both);comparedWith single vessel disease group,there Were significant increase in levels of ox-LDL [(432.19±80.75)μg/L vs.(560.47± 84.21)μg/L,(619.31±88.49)μg/L]and TNF-α[(9.01±2.75)ng/L vs.(10.06±2.78)ng/L,(11.14±2.74)ng/L] in double-vessel and multi-vessel disease group (P <0.05 all),and those of multi-vessel disease group Were significantly higher than those of double-vessel disease group (P <0.05 both);comparedWith mild stenosis group,thereWere significant increase in levels of ox-LDL [(459.43±53.36)μg/L vs.(531.33±68.12)μg/L,(610.62±93.43)μg/L]and TNF-α[(8.98±2.66)ng/L vs.(9.94±2.87)ng/L,(11.12±3.21)ng/L]in moderate stenosis group and severe stenosis group (P <0.05 all),and those of severe stenosis groupWere significantly higher than those of moderate stenosis group (P <0.05 both);Spearman correlation analysis indicated that ox-LDL levelWas positively correlatedWith TNF-αlevel (r =0.83,P <0.01).Conclusion:Levels of ox-LDL and TNF-αare closely correlatedWith lesion severity in CHD patients.

As one of the important areas in proteomics,glycoproteome is in the spotlight currently.In this paper,the description of glycoproteins,the enrichment methods of glycoproteins/glycopeptides,the identification approaches of glycoproteins/glycopeptides and the application of glycoproteome were overviewed.

Nitrocellulose membrane based urinary protein preservation method is simple, fast and economic, but its advantage over the traditionally used acetone precipitation method is still unclear. In this work, we prepared urinary proteins by the two methods by LC-MS/MS. Then we used protein spectra counts to assess the reproducibility of the two methods. Proteins identified by the two methods were almost the same in number, spectral count distribution and distribution of coefficients of variation value. In conclusion, nitrocellulose membrane method is generally the same as acetone precipitation method. It can be used for large scale preservation of clinical urine samples.
Acetone ; Chromatography, Liquid ; Collodion ; Humans ; Mass Spectrometry ; Proteins ; isolation & purification ; Reproducibility of Results ; Tandem Mass Spectrometry ; Urine ; chemistry

To compare two enrichment and preservation methods of urinary proteins, stored in polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) membrane (Urimem) or direct freezing, we examined the differences between the two methods in time, space, costs of supplies and electricity, degree of protein degradation and convenience of the sample handling. The urimem method is superior in the storage space, the cost of electricity and the clinical convenience compared to the direct freezing method. However, the direct freezing method is superior in the time and the cost of supplies to the urimem method. The enrichment and preservation of urinary proteins using urimem have more cost-effective benefits compared to those of the direct freezing method.
Cost-Benefit Analysis ; Freezing ; Humans ; Polyvinyls ; Preservation, Biological ; methods ; Proteins ; chemistry ; Urine ; chemistry

OBJECTIVETo investigate the effect of en-masse retraction of maxillary anterior teeth by rocking-chair archwire (RCA) in sliding mechanics.

METHODSThe three dimensional finite element model of maxillary teeth was created based on spiral CT data of a patient by ANSYS software. The forces on each tooth and the torques on the six center of resistance (CR) of the anterior teeth induced by the deformation of RCA with different depth and anterior retraction hook (ARH) with different height were calculated when retracted from a mini-implant between the first molar and the second premolar. The movements of anterior teeth were observed combining different depth of RCA with different height of ARH.

RESULTSThe clockwise torque in sliding mechanics to realize en-masse retraction of the anterior teeth could be counterbalanced by RCA of certain depth. The combination of 7.2 mm ARH and 2 mm RCA can be used to intrude and retract maxillary anterior teeth under the condition of applying mini-implant.

CONCLUSIONThe excessive retraction that usually exists in traditional treatments can be avoided by RCA in sliding mechanics and intrusion and torque control during anterior segment retraction can also be achieved by this method.

Objective To analyze the correlation between smoking and occurrence of intracranial artery stenosis.Methods From June 2015 to May 2016,a total of 10 711 inpatients with transient ischemic attack (TIA) or ischemic stroke from 20 basel hospitals of nationwide were enrolled using a cross-sectional study,76 patients with unknown smoking and smoking cessation years were excluded.Finally,a total of 10 635 patients were enrolled.Transcranial color coded sonography and/or transcranial Doppler were used evaluate the intracranial artery stenosis lesions.The basic risk factors for cerebrovascular disease (age,sex,smoking and smoking years,whether smoking cessation and years,hypertension,diabetes,hyperlipidemia,atrial fibrillation,and family history of stroke) were recorded.According to the different smoking years,the smoking years were divided into five groups:non-smoking,smoking time ≤10-year,11 to 20-year,21 to 30-year,and >30-year groups for trend chi square test.According to the different smoking cessation years in the smokers,the smoking cessation years were divided into four groups:non-cessation,cessation time 1 to 10-year,11 to 20-year,and >20-year groups for trend chi square test.The effects of different smoking years and different smoking cessation years on the occurrence of intracranial arterial stenosis were analyzed.Results The incidence of intracranial artery stenosis in the smokers (40.4%[1 433/3 547]) was significantly higher than that in the non-smoking patients (29.4%[2 085/7 088]).There was significant difference (χ2=128.850,P<0.01),and the incidence of cerebral infarction in the smokers (91.6%[3 250/3 547]) was significantly higher than the non-smokers (85.0%[6 027/7 088]).There was significant difference (χ2=92.328,P<0.01).Smoking was an independent risk factor for intracranial artery stenosis (OR,1.603;95%CI 1.456-1.765;P<0.01).With the increase of smoking years,the detection rate of intracranial arterial stenosis increased gradually (trend χ2=115.437,P<0.01).Whether giving up smoking had no significant effect on the incidence of intracranial artery stenosis in patients with ≥20 years of smoking (trend χ2=1.043,P=0.307).Conclusions Smoking is an independent risk factor for affecting intracranial artery stenosis;the risk of disease increases with the number of smoking years.Long-term smokers (≥20 years) cannot reduce the effect on intracranial artery stenosis,even if they give up smoking.

Objective To investigate the effect of serum lipid level on carotid artery stenosis in patients with ischemic cerebrovascular disease.Methods Using a multi-center cross-sectional study,10 711 consecutive inpatients with transient ischemic attack (TIA) or ischemic stroke diagnosed clearly in 20 stroke screening and prevention project base hospitals from June 2015 to May 2016 were enrolled.According to the results of carotid ultrasonography,1 560 patients with extracranial carotid artery stenosis rate≥50% screened were enrolled in the study.They were divided into a severe stenosis group (70%-99%) and a mild-moderate stenosis group (<70%).The distribution of total cholesterol (TC),triacylglycerol (TG),low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels in both groups of carotid stenosis patients were analyzed,and the quantitative classification was based on the normal range of serum lipids.The distributions of serum lipid levels in different grades in patients of both groups were compared with the non-parameter test.Results The incidence of dyslipidemia in the severe stenosis group was higher than that in the mild and moderate stenosis group.There was no significant difference between the two groups (54.4%[319/586]vs.48.3%[470/974],P<0.05).Dyslipidemia was an independent risk factor for severe carotid artery stenosis (OR,1.27,95% CI 1.24-1.30,P<0.01).The TC and LDL-C levels in patients of the severe stenosis group were significantly higher than those in the mild-moderate stenosis group (TC:3.98[3.31,4.82]mmol/L vs.3.91[3.31,4.53]mmol/L,LDL-C:2.48[1.86,3.14]vs.2.30[1.79,2.80];all P<0.01).With the increase of TC and LDL-C levels,there was significant differences between the severe stenosis group and the mild-moderate stenosis group (all P<0.05),and the proportions of TC >5.80 mmol/L (7.3%[43/586]vs.0.4%[4/974]) and LDL-C>3.12 mmol/L (26.3%[154/586]vs.10.0%[97/974]) in patients of the severe stenosis group were higher than those in the mild-moderate stenosis group (26.3%[154/586]vs.10.0%[97/974]).Conclusion The high LDL-C and TC levels may increase the incidence of severe carotid artery stenosis or occlusion.

Objective To investigate the differences of distribution characteristics and risk factors of large artery lesions in patients with ischemic cerebrovascular disease in different age groups in order to provide the basis for the prevention and treatment of stroke in different age groups.Methods From June 2015 to May 2016,a total of 10 711 consecutive inpatients with transient ischemic attack (TIA) and ischemic stroke from 20 centers nationwide were enrolled.Each 10 years was used as an age group from 40 years.All the patients were divided into 5 age groups.The differences of the different risk factors for cerebrovascular disease among the 5 groups were compared.All patients were separated by gender.The chi square test was used to compare the incidences of large artery stenosis of the intracranial and external and anterior and posterior circulation,and the number of vascular lesions in the same sex in different age groups.Results (1) The risk factors of elderly patients were mainly hypertension,diabetes mellitus,and atrial fibrillation (χ2=61.938,χ2=13.349,and χ2=55.940;all P<0.01).The smoking history,family history of cerebrovascular disease,and obesity were more frequent among the young and middle-aged people (χ2=131.505,χ2=7.298,and χ2=100.911,all P<0.01).(2) The linear trend chi square test results showed that the proportion of multivessel diseases in female and male extracranial arterial lesions increased gradually with the increase of age.(χ2=54.799,χ2=161.370,all P<0.01).The proportion of multivessel diseases in the intracranial artery in female decreased gradually (χ2=5.328,P=0.021),and that in male did not have obvious trend of change (χ2=0.289,P=0.591).(3) The linear trend chi square test results showed that the incidence of simple intracranial arterial stenosis in female and male intracranial arterial stenosis decreased gradually with the increase of age (χ2=20.090,χ2=42.351,all P<0.01),and the incidence of simple extracranial arterial stenosis increased gradually (χ2=40.311,χ2=90.698,all P<0.01).The incidence of both intracranial and extracranial artery stenoses increased gradually (χ2=12.077,χ2=45.887,all P<0.01).The incidence of simple posterior circulation vascular stenosis increased gradually in female (χ2=16.434,P<0.01),but that did not have obvious trend of change in male (χ2=1.701,P=0.192).The incidence of stenosis of both anterior and posterior arteries in female and male increased gradually (χ2=4.587,P=0.032;χ2=35.156,P<0.01).Conclusions The distribution of atherosclerotic lesions in ischemic cerebrovascular disease of the different age groups was different.No matter female or male patients,the majority of the young and middle-aged patients were intracranial artery lesions,and the elderly patients were mainly extracranial artery lesions.The majority of elderly women had posterior circulation artery lesions.Understanding the characteristics in patients with intracranial arterial lesion in different age groups will help to develop individualized stroke prevention and treatment strategies for the population of different age groups.