Thl cloned cell line 28-4 which is an I-A + KLH - specific Th1 type clone of (C57BU6xC 3H) F1 origin was kindly provided by professor Tomio Tada. In these studies, employing these cloned cells, the author investigated both proliferation responses of Thl cells in the presence of various concentrations of cytokines, such as IL-2, IL-4 or IL-6 and proliferation of Thl cells to various concentration of mitogens such as PHA, ConA or PWM. In addition, the author also investigated the proliferation response of Th1 cells to the optimal dose of PHA, ConA or PWM in the presence or absence of above mentioned cytokines. It was found that IL-2, IL-4 or IL-6 alone their growth stimulation degree was dependent on cytokine concentration and that PHA, ConA or PWM stimulated Thl cell proliferation and optimal dose of PHA ConA and PWM was 3 g, 4 g and 2 g per ml, respectively. In addition, proliferation response of Th1 cells to ConA or PWM in the presence of IL-2 was significantly enhanced, but the proliferation response to PHA was not increased significantly. However, IL-4 did not significantly modulate mitogen-activated Thl cell proliferation response. Interestingly, IL-6 decreased PHA- or ConA-activated proliferation of Thl cells, but did not change PWM-activated proliferation. Taken together, these studies strongly suggested that IL-2, IL-4 or IL-6 itself clone stimulated the Thl cell proliferation and that PHA, ConA or PWM also stimulated Thl cell proliferation. In addition, these studies also indicated that IL-2 increased ConA- or PWM-activated Thl cell proliferation, but IL6 inhibited PHA- or ConA-activated Th1 cell proliferation and that IL-4 did not significantly change the mitogen-activated Th1 cell proliferation.
Cell Line ; Cell Proliferation ; Clone Cells ; Cytokines* ; Interleukin-2 ; Interleukin-4 ; Interleukin-6 ; Mitogens ; Th1 Cells*

No abstract available.
Carcinogenesis* ; Oenothera biennis*

No abstract available.
Pressure Ulcer*

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic inflammatory autoimmune disorder that mainly affects the diarthrodial joint. Morning stiffness and symmetric swelling of the wrists, PIPs and MCPs constitue the typical history for rheumatoid arthritis. Extra-articular manifestations in RA include constitutional symptoms, distinct organ manifestations and severe multiorgan disease. The presence of rheumatoid factor and the anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibody, which is more specific to RA, are helpful in RA diagnosis. Although conventional radiographs remain the initial imaging modality in patients with RA, other imaging modalities such as MRI or ultrasound have demonstrated increased sensitivity to detecting early erosive change. To the present day, there is no single test that confirms RA. Early diagnosis of RA is essential because there is substantial evidence that early therapeutic intervention with non-biologic/biologic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs leads to a better outcome. Although the 1987 American College of Rheumatology (ACR) classification criteria for RA have been used as the gold standard in clinical studies, these criteria are misleading early in the disease course. The ACR/European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR) is scheduled to release the new classification criteria for RA soon. This review describes clinical manifestations of RA, diagnostic tools, as well as the classification criteria in the diagnosis of RA.
Antirheumatic Agents ; Arthritis, Rheumatoid ; Early Diagnosis ; Humans ; Joints ; Rheumatic Diseases ; Rheumatoid Factor ; Rheumatology ; Wrist

A poroma is usually described as a benign neoplasm arising from ductal epithelium of eccrine gland. However, in recent years there have been several reports on poromas featuring with combined sebaceous, follicular, and ductal differentiation, and thus establishment of this separate disease entity, "apocrine poroma" may well be justified considering the common embryologic origin of folliculosebaceous-apocrine unit. In our case, the tumor presented as a dark red nodule on the pubic area, being revealed as poroid neoplasm with folliculosebaceous components embedded in the lobules. Immunohistochemically, poroid cells stained with lysozyme. Taking the immunohistochemical staining results as well as the histopathologic findings of folliculosebaceous differentiation into consideration, we have concluded that this tumor is a case of an "apocrine poroma".
Eccrine Glands ; Epithelium ; Muramidase ; Poroma*

Spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia (SED) tarda is an inherited skeletal arthropathy. Because SED tarda involves the joints and resemble the clinical findings of chronic arthropathies, this disease is frequently misdiagnosed as juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA). We report here on three patients (father and his two daughters) in one family with SED tarda. All patients had back pain and polyarthralgia. Their radiographs revealed typical changes for SED tarda including platyspondyly and dysplastic bone changes. This rare disease has major clinical importance in that it is similar with JIA or rheumatoid arthritis.
Adult ; Arthralgia/complications ; Back Pain/complications ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Osteochondrodysplasias/complications/*diagnostic imaging/pathology/therapy ; *Pedigree ; Republic of Korea ; Young Adult

Follicular bronchiolitis (FB) is an uncommon pulmonary lymphoproliferative disorder that is characterized by the presence of peribronchiolar hyperplastic lymphoid follicles with reactive germinal centers. FB could be associated with systemic illnesses including immunodeficiency, infection, and autoimmune diseases. In Korea, a single case of FB with rheumatoid arthritis was recently described but there has been no report on FB associated with other rheumatic diseases. Herein, we describe the first case of FB presenting nodular ground-glass opacities (GGO), which mimicked lung cancer, in patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome (SS). The differential diagnosis of nodular GGO lesions should include FB although it is a rare manifestation in SS patients.
Arthritis, Rheumatoid ; Autoimmune Diseases ; Bronchiolitis ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Germinal Center ; Humans ; Korea ; Lung Diseases ; Lung Neoplasms ; Lung ; Lymphoproliferative Disorders ; Rheumatic Diseases

OBJECTIVE: To investigate longitudinal changes in the European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR) Sjögren's syndrome patient reported index (ESSPRI) and to study the clinical features associated with favorable ESSPRI changes in primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS). METHODS: At baseline and after a median period of 6.6 years, 41 pSS patients were evaluated using the ESSPRI, EULAR Sjögren's syndrome disease activity index (ESSDAI), short-form 36, xerostomia inventory (XI), and visual analog scale (VAS) scores for symptoms. The favorable subgroup included patients who were stable or showed improved to satisfactory symptom status (ESSPRI<5) and the unfavorable subgroup included those with stable or worsening to an unsatisfactory symptom status (ESSPRI ≥5). RESULTS: Median ESSPRI increased from 4.11 to 5.33 (p<0.05), although XI scores (p=0.01) and oral dryness (p<0.05) were significantly decreased. Serum immunoglobulin G level was significantly reduced (p<0.001) but ESSDAI scores were unchanged. Six (14.6%) patients showed clinical improvement in ESSDAI, and 11 (26.8%) showed improvement in ESSPRI. On comparing the favorable (n=17) and unfavorable (n=24) subgroups, the former exhibited significantly lower VAS scores for sicca and depression and XI and ESSPRI scores at baseline (all p<0.05) and more lacrimal flow (p<0.05). The favorable subgroup received a significantly lower cumulative dose of pilocarpine and glucocorticoids (both p<0.05). CONCLUSION: About 25% of pSS patients showed clinically significant ESSPRI improvement and about 40% showed a favorable ESSPRI course. Because the favorable subgroup had more lacrimal flow and less sicca symptoms at baseline, long-term patient-derived outcomes could depend on residual exocrine function at pSS diagnosis.
Depression ; Diagnosis ; Glucocorticoids ; Humans ; Immunoglobulin G ; Patient Outcome Assessment ; Pilocarpine ; Quality of Life ; Rheumatic Diseases ; Visual Analog Scale ; Xerophthalmia ; Xerostomia

Macrophage activation syndrome (MAS) is a fatal complication of adult-onset Still’s disease (AOSD). Although anti-cytokine agents have been recommended for refractory AOSD or complicated with MAS, MAS cases have been rarely reported during anticytokine treatment. Herein, we describe the first AOSD case complicated with MAS during the treatment with tocilizumab in Korea. Two years after tocilizumab maintenance therapy, high fever and hypertransaminasemia recurred. MAS was diagnosed based on hyperferritinemia, elevated soluble IL-2 receptor levels, and the presence of hemophagocytic histiocytes in the bone marrow.However, she had normal white blood cell counts and acute phase reactant levels. High-dose glucocorticoid and anakinra therapies were not effective, but her disease improved with etoposide. This case shows that tocilizumab may not prevent MAS development and can modify clinical features making it challenging to diagnose. Cytotoxic therapy such as etoposide may be required in MAS cases that develop during anti-cytokine therapy.

Idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome (IHES) is a rare disease that is characterized by otherwise unexplained persistent eosinophilia and organ damage caused by eosinophilic infiltration. Its manifestations are highly variable but clinically apparent arthritis is uncommonly observed. Although Korean cases of severe eosinophilia in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) or IHES concurrent with RA have been published, there are no reports of IHES with joint involvement. This paper reports a case of IHES presenting with persistent peripheral eosinophilia, fever, skin rash, multiple lymphadenopathy, and polyarthritis, including the distal interphalangeal joints of the hands.
Arthritis ; Arthritis, Rheumatoid ; Cyclosporine ; Eosinophilia ; Eosinophils ; Exanthema ; Fever ; Finger Joint ; Hand ; Humans ; Hypereosinophilic Syndrome* ; Joints ; Lymphatic Diseases ; Rare Diseases