The important role of nursing work environment has received much attention in the management of nursing workforce and the quality of health care services. This paper analyzed current studies on nursing work environment, and suggested that the government and hospital administrators pay more attention to the development of nursing workforce, adequate clinical nurse staffing levels and promoting healthy work environment for nurses.

The occupational hazards to nurses are important factors which may influence the physical and mental health of nurses, and further more influence the quality of care the nurses providing to patients. This article reviewed the occupational hazards to nurses and the related factors in organizational environments and nursing human resources, so as to provide references for further studies and evidence for taking measures to prevent occupational hazards to clinical nurses.

OBJECTIVE:To study the cytotoxicity of the graft polymer after polyethyleneimine (PEI) had been modified by polyoxyethylene stearate (POES) and the property of the carrier,grafted-polymer/DNA complexes. METHODS: To modify PEI by conjugating PEI to POES with succinimidyl carbonate method. Structural analysis of synthesized polymer was performed by using 1H-NMR. Agarose gel electrophoresis (AGE) behavior of the graft polymer/DNA complexes was observed with particle size and zeta potential measured. The cytotoxicity of the graft polymer was evaluated by MTT method. The pGL3-lus served as a reporter gene,and the luciferase activity was determined to evaluate the transfection efficiency of grafted-polymer/DNA on Hela cells. RESULTS: 1H-NMR showed that the graft polymer had high purity. AGE showed that the DNA-wrapping ability of the graft polymer were increased with the increase of N/P ratios,and decreased with the increase of the POES graft number. The size of complexes was below 300 nm,and the zeta potential of the complexes increased with the increase of N/P ratios. The graft polymer showed significantly lower cytotoxicity than PEI. The graft polymer with lower POES graft number had higher transfection efficiency. CONCLUSIONS: The POES-modified PEI can be used as an effective non-viral genetic carrier.

Objective Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE) is one of the most important methods for evalua-ting the medical students′clinical ability .The aim of this study was to analyze the value of OSCE on practice examination in the depart -ment of cardiothoracic surgery . Methods Through the use of standardized patients and the six-station clinical examination , we as-sessed the clinical skills of interns in the department of cardiothoracic surgery . Results OSCE could appraise interns′clinical ability objectively and accurately , which obtained the recognition from students . Conclusion OSCE is applicable to the clinical skills tes-ting in the department of cardiothoracic surgery .

Nursing work environment impacts patient outcomes. This article summarized the concept and connotation of nursing work environment, related theories of how nursing work environment impacts patient safety outcomes and related researches conducted by foreign scholars. The effort of this review article aims to put forward new research direction.

·AIM: To investigate whether Erigeron Breviscapus (vant) Hand-Mazz (EBHM) EBHM has neuroprotective effect against N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-induced neuron death in retinal ganglion cell layer (RGCL).· METHODS: 60 healthy SD rats were randomly divided into four groups. 6 animals were normal control group (group A). The others were divided as group B (EBHM group), group C (normal saline+NMDA group) and group D (EBHM + NMDA group). Each group had 18 rats.10nmol NMDA was intravitreally injected to induce partial damage of the neurons in RGCL in the right eyes of Groups C and D. Same volume PBS was intravitreally injected into the left eyes as self-control. Groups B and D were pre-treated intraperitoneally with 6g/L EBHM solution at a dose of 150mg/kg body weight/day seven days before and after NMDA treatment. Group C were administrated intraperitoneally with 9g/L normal saline at the same time of EBHM injection. Rats were sacrificed at 4,7,14d after NMDA treatment. Flat whole retinas were stained with 5g/L cresyl violet and neuron counting in RGCL from both eyes were observed. Each subgroup had 6 rats.· RESULTS: There was no significant difference of neuron counting in RGCL between the right eye and the left eye in group A (P=0.200). There was no significant difference between normal control group and EBHM group either in the right eyes or in the left eyes at 4, 7 and 14 d respectively after intravitreal injection of 10nmol NMDA in group C and group D. (P=0.636, P=0.193). Neuron counting of RGCL in group C and D was significantly decreased in the NMDA-treated eyes at 4, 7 and 14d after intravitreal injection (P＜0.001). There was no significant difference between self-control eyes group and normai control group(P＞0.05). However, neuron counting was significantly higher in the EBHM+NMDA group than normal saline +NMDA group at 14days after intravitreal injection (P=0.044), but was lowered than normal control group (P＜0.05).· CONCLUSION: EBHM has no effect on neuron counting of RGCL when administered alone in normal rats.The results indicates that EBHM plays a partial protective role in NMDA-induced neuron loss in RGCL in the rats.

Objectives To report the first case of multiple trichodis coma in China.A 31-year-old man presented with multiple,broomcorn grain to r ed bean-sized,skin-colored,firm papules on the right lower extremity for 15 years,and similar lesions on the left knee and lower leg for about one year.T he lesions were asymptomatic.Methods and Results Histopathology showed acanth osis of epidermis,proliferation of fine reticulate collagen fibers and depositi on of focal mucinous proteins in upper dermis.Small blood vessels and nerve fib ers were increased,and proliferation of elastic fibers was localized in the hai r follicles and around some rete ridges.Proliferated hair follicles were seen i n the margins of the lesions and extended down in a collar-like pattern.Ultra structurally,Merkel cell-axon complex was located in the overlying basal lami na of the epidermis.Myelinated nerve fibers were seen in the upper dermis.Bloo d vessel alterations were found under electron microscopy,some basal laminae of blood vessels exhibited laminated structure,proliferation of fibrous component,and thickened wall of blood vessels were observed.Conclusions The disease is rare.It is a hamartoma originated from hair disk.

Targeting induced local lesions in genomes (TILLING) is a reverse genetics method for functional genomics research.It is possible to screen for point mutations in the populations of EMS mutagenesis with highthroughput and lowcost. EcoTILLING a method based on TILLING ,was developed for detecting multiple types of polymorphisms in germplasm collections,such as single nucleotide polymorphism,small deletion and insertion etc.Rice is a very important food crop and a model plant for genome research also. There are complete genome sequence and a lot of other bioinformatics resources about it.So the markerassisted breeding is becoming more and more important in rice breeding. Some issues based on TILLING about identifying germplasm based on gene sequence,EMS mutagenesis breeding,developing functional marker in rice breeding in future were discussed.

BACKGROUND: Spleen is correlated with mitochondrion. The "spleen governs movement and transformation of food and liquids" in traditional Chinese medicine refers to not only the digestion and absorption of food in gastrointestinal tract, but also the process of biological oxidation and energy production of mitochondrion.OBJECTIVE: To analyze the effects of Si-Jun-Zi decoction (SJZD), a typical prescription for invigorating spleen and replenishing qi, on repairing the mitochondrial damage of cells of liver, myocardium, gastric mucosa and skeletal muscle in rats with spleen asthenia.DESIGN: A randomized controlled observation.SETTINGS: Second Department of Internal Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine;Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine.MATERIALS: The experiments were carried out in the internal medicine laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine and the testing center of Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine from June to December in 2004. Forty SD rats were provided by the animal center of Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine. Xiao Cheng-Qi decoction consisted of officinal magnolia bark, immature bitter orange and rhubarb according to the ratio of 3:3:2; SJZD consisted of radix codonopsitis pilosulae, largehead atractylodes rhizome, India bread and liquorice root according to the ratio of 2:2:2:1, and it was provided by the Department of Pharmacy, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine,and made into 100% decoction.METHODS: After raised for 1 week, the SD rats were divided randomlyinto 4 groups: normal control group, spleen asthenia group, natural convalescence group and SJZD-treated group, and the rats in the latter three groups were made into models of long-term spleen asthenia. Rats in the normal control group were fed with normal chow, intragastric administered with saline (3 mL), once every other day for 34 weeks. Rats in the spleen asthenia group were intragastricly administered with Xiao Cheng-Qi decoction (3 mL) and fed every other day for 34 weeks, the rats in the natural convalescence group were fed with normal chow for 8 weeks after being treated as those in the spleen asthenia group for 26 weeks, and those in the SJZD-treated group were treated as those in the spleen asthenia group for 26 weeks, and then intragastricly administered with SJZD (4 mL, once a day) and fed with normal chow for 8 weeks. At the end of the 34th week,the rats were decapitated under anesthesia, and the skeletal muscle, liver,gastric mucosa and myocardium were taken out rapidly. The protein amounts in mitochondrial suspension were detected with the biuret method,the content of mitochondria in I g tissue was calculated according to the tissue mass, and the mitochondrial ultrastructures were observed under transmission electron microscope.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The contents and ultrastructures of mitochondria in skeletal muscle, liver, gastric mucosa and myocardium were observed.RESULTS: All the 40 rats were involved in the analysis of results without deletion. ① At the end of the 34th week, the mitochondrial contents of skeletal muscle, liver, myocardium and gastric mucosa were all significantly lower in the spleen asthenia group than in the normal control group (P＜ 0.01), and markedly higher in the natural convalescence group than in the spleen asthenia group (P ＜ 0.05-0.01). The mitochondrial contents of the tissues were the highest in the SJZD-treated group, which were significantly higher than those in the spleen asthenia group and natural convalescence group (P ＜ 0.05-0.01), as well as the normal control group (P＜ 0.01). ② Comparison of mitochondrial ultrastructures in skeletal muscle,liver, gastric mucosa and myocardium at the end of the 34th week: In the spleen asthenia group, the mitochondria of myocardial cells were seriously swollen, the compact substance of hepatocellular mitochondria were decreased or disappeared and the crest disrupted; the mitochondria of skeletal muscle were shrunk and decreased, mitochondrial membranes were disorganized and crest disappeared, mitochondrial membranes were disorganized and crest disappeared; For gastric parietal cell of spleen asthenia,the amount of mitochondria reduced, inner structure confused, mitochondrial crestae of gastric chief cell was broken. In the natural convalescence group, the changes of the mitochondrial morphology were slight. The mitochondrial morphology in the SJZD group was close to those in the normal control group.CONCLUSION: SJZD has the effects of increasing the contents of mitochondria in skeletal muscle, liver, myocardium and gastric mucosa and repairing the damaged structure of mitochondria because of spleen asthenia.

Objective To observe the efficacy of de novo combination therapy lamivudine plus adefovir , lamivudine monotherapy and entecavir monotherapy in HBeAg-positive CHB patients with genotype B/C. Methods A total of 182 treatment-naive CHB patients in line with treatment standards of Chinese CHB prevention and treatment guidelines were randomly assigned to three groups and treated with lamivudine plus adefovir or lamivudine monotherapy or entecavir monotherapy for 48 weeks. Results Patients in three groups presented no difference in baseline levels. After treatment by three therapies , the group of lamivudine plus adefovir showed a higher biochemical response rates (12 week P < 0.01, 24 week P < 0.01, 48 week P < 0.01), HBeAg-serological rates(12 week P < 0.01, 24 week P < 0.05, 48 week P < 0.05) and completely virological response rates (12 week P < 0.05, 24 week P < 0.05, 48 week P < 0.05) than lamivudine group. In terms of biochemical response rates , the group of lamivudine plus adefovir had certain advantages when compared with entecavir group. Conclusion De novo combination therapy lamivudine plus adefovir is a good antiviral strategy for chronic hepatitis B patients with B/C genotype viral infection in China.