Objective To investigate the surgical indications and suigical procedures of traumatic posterior fossa epidural hematomas of 17 cases in children.Methods Clinical data of 17 children who admitted into our hospital from 2010 to 2015 with posterior fossa epidural hematomas were retrospectively reviewed.We summarized he surgical indications and operation selection of posterior fossa epidural hematomas in children.Results The suigical procedures of all patients in our group included the following:8 patients were treated with traditonal craniectomy,9 patients were treated with drilling skull plus urokinase.All patients recovered well after operation.Complications:hydrocephalus in 2 cases,epilepsy in 1 case.The outcome evaluated using the Glasgow outcome score(GOS) was good in 15 patients,mild disability in 1,severe disability in 1.Conclusion The clinical status of posterior fossa epidural hematoma can progress rapidly in children.It is crucial for early diagnosis and timely surgical intervention when it is indicated.In addition,the surgical procedures should be selected properly,the overall prognosis is excellent.

With the overuse of antibiotics,Clostridium difficile infections are increasing,and the incidence of refractory or recurrent cases increase.Increasing resistance to the traditional treatment(metronidazole and/or vancomycin),relapsing Clostridium difficile infection needs to seek new treatments.Fecal microbiota transplantation has been widely used in the treatment of adult Clostridium difficile infection,but is seldom used in children.In this paper,fecal microbiota transplantation for the treatment of Clostridium difficile infection in children related issues were reviewed.

BACKGROUND: Traditionally,UV/visible spectra,conductivity,electrophoresis and other methods are commonly applied for studying the interaction of metal ions and amino acids,but UV-Vis spectroscopy and fluorescence spectroscopy for L-histidine reacted with silver ion in aqueous solution is rarely reported.OBJECTIVE: To investigate the interaction between silver ion and histidine using UVNIS and fluorescence spectra.METHODS: The influence of pH,multicomponent concentration such as histidine,silver ion,formaldehyde,sodium dodecyl sulfate and trihydroxymethyl aminomethane,as well as illumination strength and time,on the interaction between silver ion and histidine were investigated,and the mechanism of reaction was also explored.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Applied pH potentiometer titration method,the dissociation constants of histidine was defined 9.21.The stepwise stability constants of histidine-silver was logK1=5.56 and logK2=4.05,respectively by using half(n)method.At 20 ℃,the electric potential of histidine-silver system was 2.10×10-4 V.According to pH potentiometer titration and lob method,the compound was consisted of histidine: Ag=2:1.Compared with histidine,histidine-silver systems reached a shoulder peak at 295.3 nm,which was assigned to conjugate double bond of imidazole ring that easily generated π-π*transition.And an absorption peak close to 242 nm can be assigned to n-π*transition of the C=O group of the histidine-silver.The fluorescence emission spectra of histidine-silver systems belonged to 5D0→7F2 electric dipole transition.Compared with reference solutions under the same conditions,it not only emitted wavelengths blue shift,but also induced fluorescence quenching.Results showed that,imidazole ring was involved in the bonding action with silver ion.The reaction process is to firstly generate six-coordination complex,secondly reduce the silver ion into ultrafine silver particles which are bound by histidine.

Objective To observe dynamic changes of incidence and epidemic characteristics of Keshan disease(KSD)in Shandong Province from 1960 to 2007,in order to provide scientific basis for prevention and treatment. Methods The data below were collected and analyzed retrospectively.Morbidity and mortality of KSD were reported annually by multi-level prevention and treatment network at the level of province,city,county.township and village; five large-scale epidemiological investigations of KSD were carried out in 1962,1969,1973,1982 at province-scale and in every disease counties too.Results A total of 4228 cases of KSD occurred from 1960 to 2007 and the highest incidence rate was 2.636 per ten thousand(158/599 368)in Shandong Province.Mortality rate of sub-acute KSD was 88.01 percent(492/559)and the five years mortality rate of chronic KSD was 67.91 percent(491/723).Incidence cbanges of KSD among 48 years experienced three stages(the years of the high and low incidence,the years with basicallv controlled incidence)in Shandong Province.The years of high incidence were from 1960 to 1979,when 3969 cases of patients were found.its highest incidence rate being 2.636 per ten thousand(158/599 368).The years of low incidence were from 1980 to 1989,when 200 eases of patients were found,the highest incidence rate being 0.058 per ten thousand(57/9 908 013).In the years from 1990 to 2007 the disease was basically controlled,and only 59 cases of patients were found,with the highest incidence rate of 0.016 per ten thousand(16/9 720 832).KSD onset gradually changed from acute and sub-acute to chronic and potential type.The onset age were gradually from 4-10 vealp8 0ld to 13-25 years old and 20-year-old and above.The disease was sporadically seen around the whole year instead of peaking in March and April.Conclusions The incidence of KSD has experienced the high,the low and controlled stages for the past 48 years in Shandong Province,which has decreased gradually after a m40r prevalence. The onset characteristics evolves with incidence changes.

Recently, the incidence of pediatric inflammatory bowel disease( IBD) is increasing. The diagnosis and treatment of IBD were focused by pediatric clinicians. The clinical features and treatment of pediatric IBD are dif-ferent,because of the growth and development. Growth deficiency and delayed puberty are unique symptoms. Children with IBD were treated with exclusive enteral nutrition as the first line treatment. The better treatment was formulated in accordance with the clinical features and nutritional therapy of pediatric IBD.

Thymus derived CD+4; CD+25 regulatory T cells (Treg) are thought to be specific T cells that play an important role in controlling autoimmunity, preventing transplant rejection, restraining anti-infectious immune response, suppressing allogeneic immune respons. More recently, these cells are reported to have the ability of suppressing antitumor immune response. Foxp3 are the most specific protein of Treg. In this review, we will discuss the expression of CD+4 CD+25 Treg in patients with hematological malignancies and its implication for immunotherapy.

Multiple myeloma (MM) is a malignant plasma cell disease, accounting for about 1% of all malignant tumors, is still uncurable, minimal residual disease (MRD) is the reason, therefore, removal of minimal residual disease maybe possible to cure the disease. In a variety of treatment methods, immune gene therapy for multiple myeloma is a hot research topic in recent years, has achieved good results in vitro and in vivo experiments, in this review immune genes therapy in multiple myeloma research would be discussed.

The effect of Lycii Cortex on the PCOS rat model and the mechanism of action were investigated in the present study. The PCOS rat model was induced with Poretsky methods. Then the rats were randomly divided into four groups: the model group, melbine group (0.45 g x kg(-1)), low (2.5 g x kg(-1) and high (10 g x kg(-1)) dosage group of Lycii Cortex. The animals were orally administrated with the drugs for 14 days. In addition, another control group was added in this study. The rats were weighted before and after drug treatment. After 14 days treatment, oestrous cycle of rats were detected; blood serum was separated to determine T and FINS and rat's uteri were isolated. The mRNA and protein (total and phosphorylated) expressions of PI3K and PKB in uteri were measured with Real-time RT-PCR and Western blot, respectively. Compared with the control rats, the body weight gain and serum level of T and FINS were significantly increased. While, the mRNA and protein (phosphorylated) levels of PI3K and PKB were markedly decreased in PCOS group. Lycii Cortex treatment significantly decreased the body weight gain and serum level of T and FINS in a dose-dependant manner. It also markedly increased the mRNA and protein (phosphorylated) expressions of PI3K and PKB. Meanwhile, the melbine treatment also showed the curative effect. Lycii Cortex can relieve the symptoms of PCOS and the mechanism might be related to PI3K/PKB pathway.
Animals ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; administration & dosage ; Female ; Humans ; Lycium ; chemistry ; Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases ; genetics ; metabolism ; Phosphorylation ; drug effects ; Polycystic Ovary Syndrome ; drug therapy ; enzymology ; genetics ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt ; genetics ; metabolism ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Signal Transduction ; drug effects

Peritoneal macrophages from thioglycollate-treated C57BL/6 mice were separatedby centrifugation on Percoll discontinuous gradients.Macrophages were so separ-ated into four subpopulations and their tumor cytotoxicity and the effect of sodi-um selenite on different subsets were studied.There was no marked difference inphagocytic activity and Fc recepter activity among the four subpopulations.High-density macrophages activated by MAF were kighly cytostatic and cytolyticto tumor cells,while low-density macrophages were not Peritoneal injection of sodiumSelenite(lmg/kg)augmented macrophage-mediated cytotoxic activity by increasingtheir MAF responsiveness which occurred mainly in the low-density macrophages.sodium selenite did not affect macrophage maturation as the percentage of theperoxidasepositive macrophages remained unchanged,

Inosine 5'-monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH) is a key enzyme of de novo GMP biosynthesis. The expression and activity of IMPDH can be affected by diseases and physiological process. It is the drug target for anticancer, antiviral, antimicrobial and immunosuppressive therapeutics. Not only catalytic action but the other biological functions of IMPDH also play an important role in diseases. The basic functions, mechanism of catalysis, classification of inhibitors, biological functions and the latest advances to IMPDH will be illustrated in this review. It is expected to be helpful to the discovery of new inhibitors and biological functions of IMPDH.
Animals ; Binding Sites ; Catalysis ; Drug Design ; Drug Discovery ; Enzyme Inhibitors ; classification ; pharmacology ; Humans ; IMP Dehydrogenase ; antagonists & inhibitors ; genetics ; metabolism ; Inosine Monophosphate ; metabolism ; Molecular Structure ; NAD ; metabolism ; Polymorphism, Genetic