Salmonella enterica serovar Cerro 87, which was isolated from a commercial egg-producing farm, has a phosphorothioated DNA backbone resulting DNA degradation(Dnd) during the pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) process. In this research, a gene deletion mutant XTG103 was engineered with the entire dnd gene cluster knocked out by double crossover using vector pKOV-kan, and lost Dnd phenotype corre- spondingly. We regulated the DNA phosphorothioation by heterogenous expression of dnd gene cluster with an isopropyl ?-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) inducible promoter PlacZ.

OBJECTIVETo study the expression of Galectin-3 and CDC25B mRNA in gastric carcinoma and their correlation with clinical-pathological features and the survival time.

METHODSTissue microarray (TMA) technique and in situ hybridization were used to detect the expression of Galectin-3 and CDC25B mRNA in 220 gastric carcinoma specimens and 31 normal gastric mucosa samples.

RESULTSIn situ hybridization results revealed that from the 220 cases, the positive expression rate of Galectin-3 and CDC25B mRNA were 58.6% and 54.1%, respectively. There was significant relationship between the Galectin-3 mRNA expression and tumor diameter, advanced TNM stage, invasion depth, vessel invasion, lymph node and distant metastasis. There was significant relationship between CDC25B mRNA expression and tumor diameter, advanced TNM stage, vessel invasion, lymph node and distant metastasis. In addition, there was apositive relationship of Galectin-3 and CDC25B mRNA expression. Finally, the mean survival time in cases with Galectin-3 and CDC25B mRNA positive expression was significantly shorter than those without Galectin-3 and CDC25B expression.

CONCLUSIONThe expression of Galectin-3 and CDC25B mRNA appears to act as a promoting factor in the onset and development of gastric cancer. It can be used as a marker of prognosis of gastric carcinoma in clinical practice.

Female ; Galectin 3 ; genetics ; metabolism ; Gene Expression ; genetics ; Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic ; Humans ; Male ; Prognosis ; RNA, Messenger ; metabolism ; Stomach Neoplasms ; genetics ; metabolism ; pathology ; cdc25 Phosphatases ; genetics ; metabolism

OBJECTIVETo investigate the dynamic changes of myocardial matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) activities in mice with viral myocarditis (VM) and their relationships with cardiac function and myocardial collagen amount and to explore the role of MMPs in the pathologic lesion of VM.

METHODSSixty-five six-week-old male DBA/2 mice were obtained from the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences. They were divided into two groups randomly. Mice in infected group (n=50) were inoculated intraperitoneally with 0.14 ml of coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3, Nancy strain). Control mice (n=15) were inoculated intraperitoneally with 0.14 ml of Eagle's solution. Eight infected mice were sacrificed on day 3, 7, 10, 21 and 30, respectively and fifteen control mice were killed on day 30 after inoculation. Total protein concentration was determined according to the method of Bradford, while MMPs activities were measured with SDS-PAGE type substrate gels embedded with type I gelatin (zymography). Echocardiographic studies were performed under anesthesia with 3% chloralhydrate intraperitoneally (0.01-0.015 ml/g). Cardiac systolic function indexes, such as peak velocity of aorta (Vp) and flow velocity integral of aorta (Vi) were determined by echocardiography. Histological cross sections of hearts were stained with hematoxylin-eosin and myocardial histopathologic scores were counted under optical microscope. Myocardial collagen amount was measured by determination of hydroxyproline quantification.

RESULTSIn virus-infected mice, both MMP-2 and MMP-9 activities were increased significantly compared with those in controls and reached the peak on day 10 (P < 0.01). On day 10, cardiac systolic function indexes (Vp and Vi) were all significantly lower than those at other stages after virus inoculation and in control group (P < 0.05). There was no obvious elevation in myocardial collagen amount in mice with VM at acute stage (P > 0.05). While the myocardial collagen amount in infected group at recovery stage (on day 21 and 30) increased significantly compared with controls. MMP-2 and MMP-9 activities positively correlated with myocardial histopathological scores, respectively (r =0.801, 0.821 P < 0.01), while they negatively correlated with Vp (r = -0.649, -0.683, P < 0.01) and Vi, respectively (r = -0.711, -0.755, P < 0.01). However, Vp and Vi negatively correlated with myocardial histopathological scores (r = -0.756, -0.584, P < 0.01).

CONCLUSIONSIn mice with VM, the activities of myocardial MMP-2 and MMP-9 at acute stage increased significantly, then myocardial collagen amount elevated in recovery stage. These changes were associated with myocardial remodeling and cardiac dysfunction. Myocardial MMP activities are important markers of myocardial pathologic lesion. They are of value in the evaluation of the severity of myocardial damage and cardiac dysfunction in mice with VM.

Animals ; Collagen ; metabolism ; Coxsackievirus Infections ; complications ; Disease Models, Animal ; Echocardiography ; Male ; Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 ; metabolism ; Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 ; metabolism ; Matrix Metalloproteinases ; metabolism ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred DBA ; Myocarditis ; diagnostic imaging ; pathology ; physiopathology ; virology ; Myocardium ; metabolism ; pathology ; Systole ; Ventricular Dysfunction ; diagnostic imaging ; physiopathology ; Ventricular Remodeling

OBJECTIVEMeasures of ventilation-CO₂output relationship have been shown to be more prognostic than peak O₂uptake in assessing life expectancy in patients with chronic heart failure (CHF). Because both the ratios (VE/Vco₂) and slopes (VE-vs-Vco₂) of ventilation-co₂ output of differing durations can be used, we aim to ascertain which measurements best predicted CHF life expectancy.

METHODSTwo hundred and seventy-one CHF patients with NYHA class II-IV underwent incremental cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) and were followed-up for a median duration of 479 days. Four different linear regression VE-vs- Vco₂ slopes were calculated from warm-up exercise onset to: 180 s, anaerobic threshold (AT), ventilatory compensation point (VCP); and peak exercise. Five VE/Vco₂ ratios were calculated for the following durations: rest (120 s), warm-up (30 s), AT (60 s), lowest value (90 s), and peak exercise (30 s). Death or heart transplant were considered end-points. Multiple statistical analyses were performed.

RESULTSCHF patients had high lowest VE/Vco₂ (41.0 ± 9.2, 141 ± 30%pred), high VE/Vco₂ at AT (42.5 ± 10.4, 145 ± 35%pred), and high VE-vs-Vco₂ slope to VCP (37.6 ± 12.1, 126 ± 41%pred). The best predictor of death was a higher lowest VE/Vco₂ (≥ 42, ≥ 141%pred), whereas the VE-vs-Vco₂slope to VCP was less variable than other slopes. For death prognosis in 6 months, %pred values were superior: for longer times, absolute values were superior.

CONCLUSIONThe increased lowest VE/Vco₂ ratio easily identifiable and simply measured during exercise, is the best measurement to assess the ventilation-co₂output relationship in prognosticating death in CHF patients.

Carbon Dioxide ; metabolism ; Chronic Disease ; Disease Progression ; Exercise Test ; Heart Failure ; diagnosis ; mortality ; physiopathology ; Humans ; Life Expectancy ; Respiratory Function Tests

OBJECTIVESince 2011 EB-APS conference, we hypotheses that phase switching of inspiration-expiration is dominantly initiated by oscillatory information PaO2, PaCO2 and [H+] via fast peripheral chemical receptors. However, the evidence of the waveform of ABG is lack.

METHODSSix surgery patients with normal heart function and negative Allen test, had been placed the arterial catheterization directly connected to 3 x 1 000 mm pre-heparin plastic pipe for continuous collecting arterial blood. We counted the number of heart beat for the blood collecting time, and separated the blood pipe into the heart beat numbers' short pieces using haemostatic forceps, then put pipe into iced water at once fir analyzing PaO2, PaCO2, pH and SaO2 as soon as possible. We selected two breaths cycles of waveform from each patient for data calculations of magnitudes and time interval.

RESULTSThe heart beat numbers for filling blood into pipe were 16 ± 2, and all covered more than 2 breathing cycles. Each breathing cycle is cover 5 ± 0.6 heart beat. There were significant changes of PaO2, PaCO2, [H+] a and SaO2 (i.e. the highest high values compare to the next lowest values, P < 0.05). The time interval of changing PaO2, PaCO2, [H+]a and SaO2 magnitudes were 11.28 ± 1.13 mmHg, 1.77 ± 0.89 mmHg, 1.14 ± 0.35 nmol/L and 0.52% ± 0.44% respectively.

CONCLUSIONThis simple continuous beat-by-beat arterial blood sampling and ABG analyzing method is new and practicable. We obtain a clear evidence of periodic parameters ABG waveform, which following breathing cycle.

Arteries ; physiology ; Blood Gas Analysis ; Heart Rate ; Humans ; Monitoring, Physiologic ; methods ; Respiration

OBJECTIVETo investigate the status of Notch signaling pathway in small cell lung cancer (SCLC).

METHODSExpression plasmids of pEFBOS-NIC-MYC and pEFBOS-neo were transfected into NCI-H446 cells. Stably transfected cell lines were selected and their growth rates were examined by MTT method. Expression of downstream genes along the Notch signaling pathway were studied by RT-PCR. Protein expression of euroendocrine markers of CgA and NSE were detected by Western blot analysis and immunocytochemistry.

RESULTSThe expression of HES1 was increased in the pEFBOS-NIC-MYC group, but the expression of hASH in the pEFBOS-NIC-MYC group was decreased significantly. The transfected cells with pEFBOS-NIC-MYC plasmid showed a significantly slower growth rate compared with that of two control groups (P < 0.05, Student's t-test). Immunocytochemistry of NSE showed that PUs in the NIC transfected group, sham group and negative control group were 7.21 ± 0.59, 28.25 ± 1.46, 30.57 ± 1.31 respectively, the former one was smaller than the values of the latter two significantly (P < 0.01). Western blot analysis showed the grave scales of CgA in NIC transfected group and sham group to be 0.54 ± 0.03 and 0.99 ± 0.05 respectively (grave scales of the negative control was set as 1.00), the former one significantly smaller than that of the other two groups (P < 0.01). The grave scales of NSE in the NIC transfected group and sham group were 0.43 ± 0.02 and 1.07 ± 0.09 respectively (grave scales of the negative control was set as 1.00) and the former one was significantly smaller than the other two groups (P < 0.01).

CONCLUSIONNotch signaling pathway regulates SCLC cells through its inhibitory effect on hASH1 transcription via HES1 along with an expression inhibition of neuroendocrine markers in SCLC.

Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors ; metabolism ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Cell Proliferation ; Chromogranin A ; metabolism ; Homeodomain Proteins ; metabolism ; Humans ; Lung Neoplasms ; metabolism ; pathology ; Phosphopyruvate Hydratase ; metabolism ; Plasmids ; Receptor, Notch1 ; metabolism ; physiology ; Recombinant Proteins ; metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; Small Cell Lung Carcinoma ; metabolism ; pathology ; Transcription Factor HES-1 ; Transfection

OBJECTIVETo investigate the expression of CD147 and E-cadherin in gastric carcinoma and their correlation with clinicopathological features.

METHODSThe expression of CD147 and E-cadherin in gastric cancer tissue chip (TC) was detected by in situ hybridization (ISH) and immunohistochemistry in 220 cases of gastric carcinoma and 31 cases with normal gastric mucosa.

RESULTSThe expression rates of CD147 mRNA, E-cadherin mRNA and E-cadherin protein were 50.5%, 17.7% and 15.5%, respectively. The CD147 expression was negatively correlated with E-cadherin expression. There was a significant relationship between CD147 mRNA expression and tumor diameter, TNM stage, invasion depth, vessel invasion, lymph node and distant metastasis. The E-cadherin mRNA expression was closely related with TNM stage, invasion depth and vascular invasion. There was a significant relationship between E-cadherin protein expression and tumor diameter, TNM stage and vascular invasion. The mean survival time in cases with CD147-positive expression was shorter than that in negative cases, while E-cadherin was in an opposite relationship.

CONCLUSIONIn gastric carcinoma, up-regulation of CD147 and down-regulation of E-cadherin are in a negative correlation. The examination of both these two factors together is useful for predicting the invasion and metastasis of gastric cancer, therefore, can be used as a significant marker to direct clinic therapy and estimation of prognosis.

Adenocarcinoma ; metabolism ; pathology ; Adenocarcinoma, Mucinous ; metabolism ; pathology ; Adenocarcinoma, Papillary ; metabolism ; pathology ; Basigin ; genetics ; metabolism ; Biomarkers, Tumor ; metabolism ; Cadherins ; genetics ; metabolism ; Carcinoma, Signet Ring Cell ; metabolism ; pathology ; Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic ; Humans ; Lymphatic Metastasis ; Neoplasm Invasiveness ; Neoplasm Staging ; RNA, Messenger ; metabolism ; Stomach Neoplasms ; metabolism ; pathology ; Survival Rate ; Tumor Burden

OBJECTIVETo investigate the effects of Notch1 signal activation on proliferation and neuroendocrine marker expression in small cell lung cancer cells.

METHODSThe active form of Notch1 (NIC) was over-expressed in NCI-H446 cells by constitutive transfection and a stable transfected cell line was established. Proliferation of NCI-H446 cells was analysed by MTT assay on 6 successive days. Expression of neuroendocrine markers (CgA, NSE) was observed by immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis. Statistical analysis was conducted to compare the results in cells with NIC transfected and those in control groups.

RESULTSMTT assay showed that absorbance (A) of cells overexpressing Notch1 was significantly depressed compared with that of the control cells (P<0.05). Immunohistochemistry of CgA showed that PUs in the NIC transfected group, sham group and negative control group were 8.81 +/- 0.77, 38.10 +/- 1.55, 38.97 +/- 0.80, respectively, the former one was significantly smaller than that of the latter two (P<0.01). Immunohistochemistry of NSE showed that PUs in the NIC transfected group, sham group and negative control group were 7.21 +/- 0.59, 28.25 +/- 1.46, 30.57 +/- 1.31, respectively, the former one was significantly smaller than that in the latter two (P<0.01). Western blot analysis showed that the gray scales of CgA in the NIC transfected group and sham group were 0.54 +/- 0.03 and 0.99 +/- 0.05, respectively, (gray scale of the negative control set as 1.00), the former one was significantly smaller than that of the other two groups (P<0.01). The gray scales of NSE in the NIC transfected group and sham group were 0.43 +/- 0.02 and 1.07 +/- 0.09, respectively (gray scale of the negative control set as 1.00), the former one was significantly smaller than that of the other two groups (P<0.01).

CONCLUSIONNotch1 may behave as a tumor suppressor in small cell lung cancer. Notch1 signal activation can inhibit the proliferation and neuroendocrine marker expression in small cell lung cancer cells, suggesting that Notch1 gene could be a new target for small cell lung cancer treatment and probable relief of paraneoplastic syndrome.

Blotting, Western ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Cell Proliferation ; Chromogranin A ; metabolism ; Humans ; Immunohistochemistry ; Lung Neoplasms ; metabolism ; pathology ; Phosphopyruvate Hydratase ; metabolism ; Receptor, Notch1 ; genetics ; metabolism ; physiology ; Recombinant Proteins ; genetics ; metabolism ; Small Cell Lung Carcinoma ; metabolism ; pathology ; Transfection

Severe hypokalemia is defined as the concentration of serum potassium lower than 2.5 mmol/L, which may lead to serious arrhythmias and cause mortality. We report an unusual case of potentially fatal ventricular arrhythmias induced by severe hypokalemia in a patient undergoing laparoscopic partial nephrectomy in Peking University Third Hospital due to irregular use of indapamide before operation. Indapamide is a sulfonamide diuretic with vasodilative and calcium antagonistic effects, which enhances sodium delivery to the renal distal tubules resulting in a dose-related increase in urinary potassium excretion and decreases serum potassium concentrations. The electrolyte disorder caused by the diuretic is more likely to occur in the elderly patients, especially those with malnutrition or long-term fasting. Hence, the serum potassium concentration of the patients under indapamide therapy, especially elderly patients, should be monitored carefully. Meanwhile, the potassium concentration measured by arterial blood gas analysis is different from that measured by venous blood or laboratory test. According to the previous research, the concentration of potassium in venous blood was slightly higher than that in arterial blood, and the difference value was 0.1-0.5 mmol/L. This error should be taken into account when rapid intravenous potassium supplementation or reduction of blood potassium level was carried out clinically. In the correction of severe hypokalemia, the standard approach often did not work well for treating severe hypokalemia. The tailored rapid potassium supplementation strategy shortened the time of hypokalemia and was a safe and better treatment option to remedy life-threatening arrhythmias caused by severe hypokalemia with a high success rate. Through the anesthesia management of this case, we conclude that for the elderly patients who take indapamide or other potassium excretion diuretics, the electrolyte concentration and the general volume state of the patients should be comprehensively measured and fully evaluated before operation. It may be necessary for us to reexamine the serum electrolyte concentration before anesthesia induction on the morning of surgery in patients with the history of hypokalemia. For severe hypokalemia detected after anesthesia, central venous cannulation access for individualized rapid potassium supplementation is an effective approach to reverse the life-threatening arrhythmias caused by severe hypokalemia and ensure the safety of the patients.
Humans ; Aged ; Hypokalemia/complications* ; Indapamide/adverse effects* ; Arrhythmias, Cardiac/therapy* ; Diuretics/adverse effects* ; Potassium ; Electrolytes/adverse effects* ; Anesthesia, General/adverse effects*

OBJECTIVEWe investigate the magnitudes of waveform changes of arterial blood gas (ABG) in patients with heart failure.

METHODSFive patients with heart failure were selected, continuous collecting radial artery blood and measured PaO2, PaCO2, pHa and Sao2. We selected two typical breaths cycles of waveform changes of ABG from each patient for data analysis. Comparison of the adjacent highest and lowest values to verify the presence of a periodic waveform changes of ABG, and in addition, we used t test to analysis the range of waveform changes of ABG in patients with heart failure and patients with normal cardiac function and compared whether the difference between them.

RESULTSThe 5 patients (2 surgical and 3 ICU) with heart failure, were 4 male and 1 female, (69 ± 7)year, (169 ± 10) cm, (75 ± 19)kg, LVEF = (38 ± 3)%. The heart beat numbers for full blood into the blood sampling pipe were 17 ± 2, and all covered more than 2 breath cycles. There were significant changes of PaO2, PaCO2, [H+]a and SaO2 (P < 0.05). The magnitudes of changing PaO2, PaCO2, [H+]a and Sao2 were (7.94 ± 2.02)mmHg, (1.18 ± 0.56)mmHg, (0.54 ± 0.17)nmol/L and (0.21 ± 0.07)%, and they were (6.1 ± 1.5)%, (3.2 ± 1.5)%, (1.5 ± 0.5)% and (0.2 ± 0.1)% from their mean respectively. Even these magnitudes fo all ABG parameters were trendily lower than those of patients with normal cardiac function, but only PaO2 and [H+]a were significant (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONUsing this simple continuous beat-by-beat arterial blood sampling method, we obtained a clear evidence of periodic waveform of ABG parameters following by breath cycle in patients with heart failure, but the magnitude trendily be decreased.

Aged ; Blood Gas Analysis ; Cardiovascular Diseases ; Female ; Heart Failure ; Heart Rate ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Monitoring, Physiologic ; methods