Objective To evaluate the effects of probiotics on experimental colitis of rats and to explore systemic and local changes of T regulatory cells(Tr) after the treatment. Methods The models of experimental colitis were established by enema with 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulphonic acid (TNBS). Live probiotics of combined bifidobacterium,lactobacillus and enterococcus (Bifico) were used. Four groups of rats were set up as negative group, TNBS alone group, probiotics group (high dosage and low dosage, with dose of 150 and 300 mg?kg-1?d-1, respectively), and combination group (probiotics plus prednisolone or sulfasalazine). Histologic scoring was used to evaluate the effect of medications; the proportions of CD4+CD25+ and CD8+CD28- Tr in peripheral blood, spleen mononuclear cells and intraepithelial lymphocytes of colon were detected by flow cytometry. Results Histopathology showed that high dosage of probiotics was effective in TNBS-induced colitis rats (2. 2?0.8 vs 3.5?0.7,P

Objective To evaluate the effects of probiotics in experimental colitis of rats.Methods Models of experimental colitis were established.Several groups of rats were set up as probiotics group,negative group and positive group.Histologic scoring was used to estimate effects of drugs;the expression of CD~+_4 andCD~+_8 on T cell surface in peripheral blood,spleen mononuclear cells and intraepithelial lymphocytes of colon were detected by flow cytometry.Results Histopathology shows that probiotics of larger dosage was curative for experimental colitis in rats.Proportion of CD~+_4 and CD~+_8 T cells increased in colon of colitis,which was decreased by treatment of larger dose of probiotics.CD~+_4/CD~+_8 ratio and T cell subsets in systemic immune system were not influenced by probiotics.Conclusion Probiotics of large dosage are effective in the treatment of experimental colitis of rats incuced by TNBS,possibly associated with immune regulation and tends to be localized in mucosal immune system in colon.

Objective To evaluate the suppressive effect of CDS+ CD28-regulatory T cells(Treg)in vivo from spontaneous tolerance models on the acute rejection responses in rat liver transplantation.Methods Spontaneous tolerance models of inbred rat liver transplantation were established.CDS+ CD28-Treg isolated from recipients of spontaneous tolerance models were adoptively transferred into the recipients with acute rejection responses one day before the operation.The survival time and histological changes were observed in the adoptive-transferred models.Results CDS+ CD28-Treg from spontaneous tolerance models(LEW→DA)prolonged the survival time of the recipients in acute rejection models(LEW→BN)(from 14.0±2.2 days to 24.0 ± 3.0 days,P=0.0049),and the severity of rejection was alleviated in liver pathology.Conclusion CDS+ CD28-Treg from spontaneous tolerance models can suppress the acute rejection responses in rat liver transplantation,with antigen-specific properties.

Objective To acquire antigen specific CD8+CD28-Tr by donor specific transfusion (DST) in vivo, and evaluate their suppressive effect on the acute rejection responses in rat liver transplantation through adoptive transfer experiment. Methods DST was used to induce CD8 + CD28 Tr to LEW antigens in naive Brown Norway(BN) rat. Then the induced CD8+CD28- Tr were adoptively transferred into the recipients of LEW→BN liver transplantation, which were acute rejection models. The survival time and histological changes were observed. Statistic analysis was performed with Log-Rank test by SPSS11.0 software, to compare the survival rate. Results Adoptive transfer of the DST-induced CD8+CD28-Tr attenuated the acute rejection responses in acute rejection models of rat liver transplantation. Conclusion DST can induce large numbers of CD8+CD28-Tr in naive BN rats in vivo. The adoptive transfer of the induced CD8+CD28Tr suppressed the acute rejection responses in rat liver transplantation. DST may become one of the methods that induce antigen specific CD8+CD28- Tr in vivo.

Objective To investigate the immunity effects of quorum sensing in the pulmonary infection in rats due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa.Method(1)300 healthy,clean Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 3 groups randomly:two different Pseudomonas aeruginosa(the wide-type Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 and its double mutant PAO-JP2,in which the quorum sensing systems were defective,embedded in minute seaweed algiante beads which was made by an ejection set with an acuminate hole were inoculated to Sprague-Dawley rats to establish animal model of chronic pulmonary infection.The control group were dealed with the same methods using the sterile brine instead.(2)The levels of antibody IgG,IgM,IgG1,IgG2a to Pseudomonas aeruginosa in sera and cytokines including interferon-?(IFN-?),Interleukin-4(IL-4)in lung homogenate was measured at 3,7,14,28 days after infection.Results(1)The mortality in the PAO1-JP2-infected group(11.0%)was significantly lower than that of the PAO1-infected group(29.7%)and the control group(4.21%).(2) Compared with the PAO-JP2 group,during the early stages of infection(3 days after infection),the IFN-?level in lung homogenates was significantly higher;during the middle stages of infection(7 days after infection),the levels of IFN-?and IL-4 of PAO1-infected rats were significantly higher;In the later stages of infection(14 to 28 days after infection),levles of IFN-?,IgG2a were lower,while levels of IL-4,IgG,IgG1 were higher persistantly in PAO1-infected rats.Conclusions Quorum sensing system play an important role in pathogenesis and immunity effects of pseudomonas aeruginosa infection via modulating the expression of virulence factors and interfering with the immune system of hosts.

Background Optical nerve damage of glaucomatous eyes is associated with intracranial pressure.Conventional method of evaluating intracranial pressure is to measure cerebrospinal pressure by lumber puncture.However,the measurement of intraorbital optical nerve parameters,a novel method of evaluating intracranial pressure,is introduced in this field.Objective This study was to measure and analyze the intraorbital optic nerve sheath diameter (ONSD) and cross sectional area (ONSA) in normal population using multi-slice spiral CT.Methods This study protocol was approved by Clinical Ethic Committee of Shenzhen Chinese Traditional Medical Hospital and followed Hersinki Declaration.Informed consent was obtained from each individual prior to any medical examination.One hundred and five eyes of 105 normal persons with normal cerebral CT image were enrolled in Shenzhen Chinese Traditional Medical Hospital from January 2012 to September 2013.Cerebral volume was scanned in all the individuals by 64 slice spiral CT.The brain images were obtained for the curve planar rebuilding of intraorbital optical nerve on image post-processing workstation.The maximum and minimum of ONSD and the ONSA in axial sections at 3,6,9,12 and 15 mm far away from globe wall were measured using a standardized technique to analyze the change of optical nerve parameters at different point locations.These parameters were compared in different gender or eyes.The correlation among age and the optical nerve parameters at 3 mm far away from globe wall was evaluated by multivariate regression analysis.Results The average maximal ONSDs were (6.24±0.47), (5.56±0.44),(5.18±0.43),(4.82±0.41) and (4.69±0.41) mm;the average minimal ONSDs were (5.56±0.50),(4.97± 0.41) ,(4.55±0.35),(4.26±0.39) and (4.10±0.40) mm;the average ONSAs were (27.68±4.40),(22.02±3.35) , (18.74± 2.75) , (16.34±2.72) , (15.40±2.68) mm2 at 3,6,9,12 and 15 mm far away from posterior eyeball wall,respectively, showing significant differences in the maximal/minimal ONSDs and ONSAs among the different point locations (F =218.329,215.906,246.924, all at P =0.001).No significant differences were found in the maximal/minimal ONSDs and ONSAs between male and female or between the right eyes and left eyes (gender:t=1.805,P=0.074;t=1.930,P=0.056;t=1.329,P=0.187;eyes:t=0.724,P=0.471;t=1.562,P=0.121;t=1.424,P=0.158).No significant correlations were seen between age and maximal/minimal ONSDs or ONSAs with the coefficients of 1.873,7.415 and-0.853 correspondingly (P =0.847,0.460,0.637).Conclusions Intraorbital section of optical nerve can be rebuilt using standardized technique after scanning of 64 slice spiral CT.The cross section of intraorbital optic nerve sheath is oval in shape and the optic nerve is thinning with the increase of distance far away posterior eyeball wall in normal populatuion.

Diffuse panbronchiolitis is a new respiratory tract disease and was initially found in Japan. Strong association between race-dependent antigens and diffuse panbronchiolitis suggests a genetic predisposition to the disease. 14-member ring and 15-member ring macrolides have been proved to have significant therapeutical effect on diffuse panbronchiolitis. The discovery of diffuse panbronchiolitis and the advent of macrolide therapy for this disease suggests that clinicians should pay more attention to racial difference of some diseases and never overlook any accidental phenomenon in clinical practice.
Bronchiolitis ; drug therapy ; Humans ; Macrolides ; therapeutic use

BACKGROUNDIt is recognized that Haemophilus influenzae isolated from patients with otitis media forms biofilms both in vitro and in vivo, suggesting that biofilm formation in vivo might play an important role in the pathogenesis and chronicity of otitis media, but the effect of antibiotics on biofilm has not been well studied. We investigated the impact of ciprofloxacin and azithromycin on bacterial biofilms formed by Haemophilus influenzae in vitro in this study.

METHODSEleven strains of Haemophilus influenzae were isolated from sputum specimens collected from patients with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases. Formation of bacterial biofilm was examined by crystal violet assay and a scanning electron microscope. Alterations of biofilms were measured under varying concentrations of azithromycin and ciprofloxacin.

RESULTSStriking differences were observed among strains with regard to the ability to form biofilm. Typical membrane-like structure formed by bacterial cells and extracellular matrix was detected. Initial biofilm synthesis was inhibited by azithromycin and ciprofloxacin at concentrations higher than two-fold minimal inhibitory concentration. Disruption of mature biofilms could be achieved at relatively higher concentration, and ciprofloxacin displayed more powerful activity.

CONCLUSIONSHaemophilus influenzae is capable of forming biofilm in vitro. Sufficient dosage might control early formation of biofilms. Ciprofloxacin exerts better effects on breakdown of biofilm than azithromycin at conventional concentration in clinics.

Anti-Bacterial Agents ; pharmacology ; Azithromycin ; pharmacology ; Biofilms ; drug effects ; Ciprofloxacin ; pharmacology ; Haemophilus influenzae ; drug effects ; isolation & purification ; Humans ; Lung Diseases, Obstructive ; microbiology ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning

Objective To analyze the main clinical features of human infection with H7N9 avian influenza complicated by acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).Methods A retrospective analysis of complete clinical data of 9 cases of human infection with H7N9 avian influenza complicated by ARDS admitted from March 2013 to December 2014 admitted to Department of Critical Care Medicine of the Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School was conducted.Results Nine patients' mean age was (46.3±12.3) years, male accounting for 66.7% (6/9). The main clinical features: ① In the duration of acute phase, high fever, cough, hemoptysis sputum, reduction of white blood cell count (WBC) and platelet count (PLT), and myocardial enzyme elevation were the features of the disease. Chest CT showed pulmonary consolidation and ground-glass like shadows. ② On admission, all their oxygenation indexes (PaO2/FiO2) were less than 200 mmHg (1 mmHg = 0.133 kPa) of which 66.7% (6/9) was less than 100 mmHg, mean (98.9±62.8) mmHg; 55.6% (5/9) required invasive mechanical ventilatory support; 77.8% (7/9) combined with shock, and hemodynamic monitoring showed peripheral vascular resistance was decreased. ③ There were secondary bloodstream infection in 5 cases and lung infection in 4 cases, accounting for 77.8% (7/9). ④ In 22.2% (2/9) patients, the virus relapsed after the anti-virus therapy was stopped for 7 days, then immediately antiviral treatment was used again, it was still effective.Conclusion Human infection with H7N9 avian influenza complicated by ARDS has typical clinical symptoms, laboratory tests and imaging features, often associated with distributive shock, and at the late stage, secondary pulmonary or blood infection and the virus resurgence may occur.

Objective: To observe the influence of sot alol on the QT dispersion in patients with atrioventricular accessory pathways u nderwent radiofrequency catheter ablation (RFCA). Methods: Thirt y-six patients were divided into 2 groups by random. One was the drug group(18 cases) treated by RFCA， and sotalol 160 mg was orally administered and intracar diac electrophysiological study was performed every 30 min for 5 times. Th e other group(control group, 18 cases) only treated by RFCA.QTd,QTcd and QTLcd w ere measured before and after RFCA. Results: There was no signif icant difference with QT dispersion before and after RFCA in control group. When compared with before RFCA, QTd in patients administered sotalol was (30.9 ±14.3) ms vs (24.7±9.6) ms; QTcd(33.7±17.1) ms vs (25.2±10.1) ms; QT Lcd(30.8±14.1)ms vs (25.6±19.4) ms (P<0.05). Conclusion: Sotalol can slightly lower QT dispersion, which is beneficial for preventing malignant ventricular arrthythmia. It is safe in RFCA in pateints with accessory pathway.