To determine bowel patterns and the prevalence of defecation difficulty in young university students, we administered a self-reported questionnaire to 1,617 college students about their bowel habits and eating patterns and obtained the following: 83.7% showed defecation frequency between 2 times per day and 3 times per week, and 33.4% reported difficulty in defecation. Among the subjects with defecation difficulty, 69% complained of constipation and 31% of diarrhea. It was also shown that the prevalence of self-reported defecation difficulty varied by sex. Women were more likely to have defecation difficulty than men (OR=2.5; 95% CI: 2.005-3.149). There were also differences between men and women in respect to the bowel habits (frequency, regularity, thickness, volume, form and time required) and food preferences. Men reported a higher frequency of defecation than women (p<.001). The dietary fiber intake volume of the subjects with defecation difficulty was smaller than subjects without the problem (OR=0.83, CI; 0.706-0.978). Moreover, those whose favorite food was meat were more likely to have defecation difficulty than those preferred vegetables (OR=1.39; 95% CI: 1.058-1.820). Irregular defecation was reported in 44.5% of the students, especially non-residents of Cheolla province (OR=1.2; 95% CI: 1.007-1.480). Non-residents ate dietary fiber significantly less than residents and there were some differences in diet habits and also in bowel habits.
Constipation ; Defecation* ; Diarrhea ; Dietary Fiber ; Eating ; Female ; Food Habits ; Food Preferences ; Humans ; Male ; Meat ; Prevalence* ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Vegetables

Ambient air pollution has been proposed as an important environmental risk factor that increases global mortality and morbidity. Over the past decade, several human and animal studies have reported an association between exposure to air pollution and altered metabolic and endocrine systems in children. However, the results for these studies were mixed and inconclusive and did not demonstrate causality because different outcomes were observed due to different study designs, exposure periods, and methodologies for exposure measurements. Current proposed mechanisms include altered immune response, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, inadequate placental development, and epigenetic modulation. In this review, we summarized the results of previous pediatric studies that reported effects of prenatal and postnatal air pollution exposure on childhood type 1 diabetes mellitus, obesity, insulin resistance, thyroid dysfunction, and timing of pubertal onset, along with underlying related mechanisms.

Ambient air pollution has been proposed as an important environmental risk factor that increases global mortality and morbidity. Over the past decade, several human and animal studies have reported an association between exposure to air pollution and altered metabolic and endocrine systems in children. However, the results for these studies were mixed and inconclusive and did not demonstrate causality because different outcomes were observed due to different study designs, exposure periods, and methodologies for exposure measurements. Current proposed mechanisms include altered immune response, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, inadequate placental development, and epigenetic modulation. In this review, we summarized the results of previous pediatric studies that reported effects of prenatal and postnatal air pollution exposure on childhood type 1 diabetes mellitus, obesity, insulin resistance, thyroid dysfunction, and timing of pubertal onset, along with underlying related mechanisms.

The study is designed as a systematic review on nonpharmacological interventions for patients with moderate to severe dementia. This review will be conducted in accordance with the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. The following databases will be searched: Cochrane CENTRAL, MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, PsycINFO, KoreaMED, KMbase, and KISS. The primary outcome will include the effect of the interventions on activities of daily living and behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia. The literature search will be conducted based on search strategies designed for each database. The reviewers will independently assess the identified studies and extract the data. The risk of bias will be assessed and a meta-analysis will be conducted in accordance with the methodology for meta-analysis described in the Cochrane handbook. This systematic review will provide clinicians and policy makers with reliable evidence for developing and implementing nonpharmacological interventions for moderate to severe patients with dementia.
Activities of Daily Living ; Administrative Personnel ; Bias (Epidemiology) ; Dementia* ; Humans

Ampicillin ; Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Berberine ; Biological Products ; Child ; Fibroblasts ; Humans ; Mouth ; Staphylococcus aureus ; Staphylococcus

BACKGORUND: infusion of propofol by a target-controlled infusion (TCi) system is effective in achieving conscious sedation for anxious patients presenting for dental surgery. However, there is no report of conscious sedation for mandibular fracture patients using propofol TCi. The objective of this study was to evaluate the appropriation of a conscious sedation using propofol for mandibular fracture patients. METHODS: Twenty patients with a mandibular fracture undergoing an open reduction and miniplate insertion operation were analyzed. We anesthetized patients using a propofol infusion by a TCi system (Diprifusor :Master TCi:Pilot Anesthesia is, France) with local anesthesia using lidocaine. The BiS score was evaluated continually during surgery using a microcomputer (A-2000 BiS monitor , Aspect Medical System, USA). We set the infusion machine at a target concentration 2mug/ml, and adjusted the propofol concentration for a BiS score range of 80-85. infusion rate, total dosage, duration of induction, recall of operative procedure and cooperation scores were checked. BiS, heart rate, noninvasive arterial blood pressure, and SpO2 were recorded during the operation. RESULTS: The mean BiS score was 82.95, the mean target concentration of propofol was 2.645mug/ml, the mean infusion rate was 136.3mug/kg/min, and the mean cooperation score was 2.5, the patients were cooperative. The score of amnesia was 0.2, almost patients did not recall the intraoperative event. The mean duration of stay in the recovery room was 22.2 minutes, and the most frequent side effect was pain on injecion of propofol. CONCLUSiONS: Conscious sedation with propofol TCi is an effective anesthesia method substitute for general anesthesia with quick emergence, few side effects, and safety for mandibular fracture patients.
Amnesia ; Anesthesia ; Anesthesia, General ; Anesthesia, Local ; Arterial Pressure ; Conscious Sedation* ; Heart Rate ; Humans ; Lidocaine ; Mandibular Fractures* ; Microcomputers ; Propofol* ; Recovery Room ; Surgical Procedures, Operative

OBJECTIVE: This study was to investigate the factors that influence the propensity of Koreans in choosing care settings of dementia patients. METHODS: This study analyzed the data from the '2014 Nationwide Survey on Dementia Awareness of Koreans' that was conducted by the National Institute of Dementia. Korean's perception of care burden for dementia was measured with grading on its types. Also its influences on preference for care between facilities and homes were evaluated using multivariate analysis with socio-demographic characteristics. RESULTS: In terms of preferred care settings, respondents preferred facilities over homes in case of themselves and their family, respectively 77.5% and 68.2%. The preference for facilities was significantly influenced by the respondents' age for both themselves and their family. Additionally, the perception of relatively higher emotional and physical burden compared to economic burden significantly influenced preference for facilities for their family. CONCLUSION: Improving public awareness and setting-up a practical social supporting system are needed to reduce emotional and physical burden as well as economic burden of dementia. Furthermore, building up an appropriate and safer communities for dementia patients and their caregivers is much demanded for reducing their burdens.
Caregivers ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Dementia* ; Humans ; Multivariate Analysis

Through a systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological studies on dementia, we assessed the prevalence of dementia and its subtypes-Alzheimer' disease (AD) and vascular dementia (VaD)-in Korea. We searched for epidemiological studies on dementia published in 1990-2013 using PubMed, Scopus, EMBASE, KoreaMed, KISS, and RiCH. Dementia prevalence in elderly patients (aged> or =65 yr) was 9.2% (95% confidence interval [CI], 8.2%-10.4%) from 11 studies, which was higher than those from Western and other Asian countries. AD was the most prevalent dementia type, with a prevalence of 5.7% (95% CI, 5.0%-6.4%) from 10 studies compared with 2.1% (95% CI, 1.6%-2.7%) for VaD from 9 studies. The age-specific prevalence of dementia approximately doubled with each 5.8-yr increase of age. Although a significant increasing trend of dementia prevalence was not observed, it increased slightly from 7.3% to 8.7% after 2005; AD prevalence increased after 1995 and VaD prevalence decreased after the early 2000s. The AD/VaD ratio increased from 1.96 in the early 1990s to 4.13 in the 2010s, similar to the worldwide ratio. Owing to this high prevalence in the aging population, dementia will impose significant economic burdens to Korean society.
Age Factors ; Alzheimer Disease/epidemiology ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Databases, Factual ; Dementia/*epidemiology ; Dementia, Vascular/epidemiology ; Humans ; Prevalence ; Quality Assurance, Health Care ; Republic of Korea

OBJECTIVE: Due to limited efficacy of medications, non-pharmacological interventions (NPI) are frequently co-administered to people with moderate to severe dementia (PWMSD). This systematic review and meta-analysis investigated the effects of NPI on activities of daily living (ADL), behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD), and cognition and quality of life (QoL) of PWMSD. METHODS: A literature search was conducted in the following databases: Cochrane CENTRAL, EMBASE, Medline, CIHNAL, PsycINFO, KoreaMED, KMbase, and KISS. We conducted a meta-analysis on randomized controlled trials and used the generic inverse variance method with a fixed-effects model to calculate the standardized mean difference (SMD). The protocol had been registered (CRD42017058020).
Activities of Daily Living ; Anxiety ; Cognition ; Dementia ; Depression ; Dihydroergotamine ; Methods ; Music Therapy ; Quality of Life

Lymphoma is the third most common childhood malignancy after leukemia and brain tumor. In contrast to adult non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, that occurring in children is usually found extranodally. The most common site is the abdomen, including the gastrointestinal tract, kidney and pancreas, and the next most common is the extranodal head and neck. Gastrointestinal non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in adults is usually considered to be MALT lymphoma, a distinct B-cell type, but the occurrence of this variety in the small bowel of children is relatively rare. We report a case of high-grade MALT lymphoma occurring in a nine-year-old boy who presented with ileoileal intussusception.
Abdomen ; Adult ; B-Lymphocytes ; Brain Neoplasms ; Child* ; Gastrointestinal Tract ; Head ; Humans ; Ileum* ; Intussusception* ; Kidney ; Leukemia ; Lymphoma ; Lymphoma, B-Cell, Marginal Zone* ; Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin ; Male ; Neck ; Pancreas