To keep the patent airway during a general anesthetic procedure or when handling an unconscious patient is the most important concern as well as responsibility and/or duty of the anesthesiologist. Many delicate operations could and can be performed because of the development of anesthetic techniques aad methods, especially through the introduction of endotracheal intubations. However, at times, an endotracheal tube can unfortunately be a hazardous instrument-lethal instead of lifesaving. The authors experienced a case of left main bronchial obstruction with a thick mucus plug immediately following the completion of oro-endotracheal intubation. This was successfully remedied by direct bronchoscopic aspiration under transtracheal spray. In such a circumstance as this, the newly designed instrument, namely; a bronchofiberscope, is a real necessity.
Humans ; Intubation ; Intubation, Intratracheal* ; Mucus*

No abstract available.
Cardiac Output* ; Ductus Arteriosus* ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn*

Arachnoid cysts are benign developmental cysts that occur between aachnoid layers, which represent approximately 1 percent of all intracranial space-occupying lesions, their most common location being the middle cranial fossa. Current surgical treatment options for intracranial arachnoid cyst are either craniotomy and excision of cyst or shunting of cyst contents extracranially. We treated 10 cases of intracranial arachnoid cyst by excision during last two years. For the best surgical curability, we have, not only removed the cyst wall and adhesive gliotic tissue as possible, but also made the opening to basal cistern for communication. During average 8.4 months follow up, we observed, not specific morbidity and mortality, but good clinical improvement and brain expansion. As above result, if haven't specific problem, the direct surgical removal may be the primary choice for intracranial arachnoid cyst, especially in children with noncommunicating type in sylvian.
Adhesives ; Arachnoid Cysts* ; Brain ; Child ; Cranial Fossa, Middle ; Craniotomy ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Mortality

Issues related to the elderly have been recognized in Korea and nursing scholars have tried to study there issues. It is hard to say which the direction we, are going or have to go, since there has been little systemic effort to establish gerontological nursing field yet. Therefore, it is necessary to find out the trend and the guidelines of gerontolotical nursing studies for the future. Dissertation and published articles related to the elderly in the nursing field from 1991 to the February of 1997 were are reviewed. Total 127 studies were analysed in terms of concept, design/methodology, and results, and the nature and issues of the geronotologic nursing studies in Korea were explored. The results are as follows: 1. There was no clear chronological definition of the elderly. 2. The most popular research design was an exploratory/descriptive study. 3. The major concepts studies were physical and mental health. 4. Among those studies using instrument which were developed and modified and /or translated by researchers, the reliability and validity were rarely reported. 5. Theory based studies were rare. We suggest the following issues for future studies : 1. The chronological and other criteria related to the definition of elderly is needed. 2. Physiopsychosocial characteristics of Korean elderly and their managements in terms of intervention studies need to be conducted more synthetically. 3. Social issues from the change of types and function of family such as single elderly family need to be studied. 4. Participation in and collaborate with other disciplines are needed. 5 Development and test of instruments to measure phenomena or concepts is needed. 6. Macroscopic approach such as policy also needed. 7. Theory based studies are needed.
Aged ; Humans ; Korea* ; Mental Health ; Nursing* ; Reproducibility of Results ; Research Design

The treatment of recurrent supratentorial glioma is one of the most challenging and at the same time one of the oldest problem in neurosurgery, especially in case of multiple recurrence. We have experienced 15-year-old male, multiple recurrent supratentorial glioma patient who was subjected to 6 times of operation, radiation therapy and chemotherapy druing 5 year follow-up period. We reveiewed the literature and discussed about recurrent rate, malignant change, method of management and indication of reoperation in low grade glioma.
Adolescent ; Astrocytoma* ; Drug Therapy ; Follow-Up Studies ; Glioma ; Humans ; Male ; Neurosurgery ; Recurrence ; Reoperation

BACKGROUND: Rescently, the immunotherapy against infectious disease and cancer is being actively studied, and high yield of pure CD14+ monocytes is a key of concern. In this study, we optimized the percoll gradient method to increase the purity and yield of monocytes from peripheral mononuclear cells. METHODS: We separated mononuclear cells (MNC) from healthy donors, and monocytes from MNC were separated with the various density of percoll gradient. After centrifugation, we determined the most efficient density of the percoll gradient to get the highest yield and purity of monocytes. We also obtained monocytes by the plastic absorption method. Monocytes were differentiated into dendritic cells (DC) and the efficacy of differentiation to DC is confirmed and compared by morphological characteristics and using a flowcytometer. RESULTS: The purity of monocytes was 51.3+/-8.3% by the 35% percoll gradient method and the purity was improved to 82.9+/-4.2% with 100% of yield by repeating the same method. Therefore, the yield of mature dendritic cells was 3.6+/-0.9% of the total input MNC by the 35% percoll repetition method, which was 1.7 times higher than the plastic adherent method (2.1+/-0.5%). CONCLUSION: This study shows a cost-effective method to isolate CD14+ monocytes and these cells demonstrate high differentiation rate to DC. This process will be valuable for obtaining a sufficient number of DC.
Absorption ; Centrifugation ; Communicable Diseases ; Dendritic Cells ; Humans ; Immunotherapy ; Monocytes ; Plastics ; Povidone ; Silicon Dioxide ; Tissue Donors

BACKGROUND: Alopecia areata may causesignificant interference in social interaction. Despite the controversy concerning the existence of specific personality exhibited by patients with alopecia areata, psychological and social factors have long been considered important factors that have influence on the course of the disease. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the degree of anxiety, depression and psychological symptoms of patients with alopecia areata and their relationship between psychological factors and clinical characteristics. METHODS: Beck Depression Inventory(BDI), State-Trait Anxiety Inventory(STAI) and Symptom Check List-90-Revision(SCL-90-R) were carried out on 20 patients with alopecia areata and 20 controls. RESULTS: 1. According to the age and sex distributions of the patients, the majority of conditions occurred between 20 and 30 years of age(approximately 80%), with the mean age being 28. 10 patients were women and 10 patients were men. 2. For STAI scores, the patient group was higher than the control group, 1) State Anxiety: 49.25+/-8.01 vs 40.70+/-6.33(p<0.05) 2) Trait Anxiety : 46.50 +/- 8.41 vs 39.80=6.49(p<0.05) 3. For BDI score, the patient group was higher than control group, 14.90+/-6.89 vs 9.5+/-5.70(p< 0.05), but there were no significant differences between male patients and female patients. 4. For SCL 90 R scores, the patient group was higher than control group-phobic anxiety, psychoticism, somatization, anxiety, depression, hostility, interpersonal sensitivity, global severity index, positive symptom total, positive symptom distress index(p<0.05). CONCLUSION: We suggest there is a relationship between clinical characteristics of alopecia areata and psychological stress.
Alopecia Areata* ; Alopecia* ; Anxiety* ; Depression* ; Female ; Hostility ; Humans ; Interpersonal Relations ; Male ; Psychology ; Sex Distribution ; Stress, Psychological

Presently, media for sanitation education consisting of a sanitation manual and a CD-ROM intended for restaurant employers and employees was developed and evaluated. The sanitation manual consisted of five principles: prevention of foodborne illness, personal hygiene, control of food production, instrument and equipment cleaning and sanitation, and management of environmental sanitation. The CD-ROM was composed of animations detailed real-life examples of Salmonella, Staphylococcus aureus, and Norovirus foodborned illness outbreaks; slides summarizing the five principles of the manual; and a poster entitled You can prevent foodborne illness listing and describing the principles. A 15 question evaluation survey was developed to gauge the efficacy of the animations. The survey was divided into five sections on comprehension of the instructions, content organization concerning understanding, content organization concerning the information presented, content organization concerning retention of interest (concentration), and recommendations concerning concentration. Ranked on a 5-point scale the survey produced a mean value of 3.80+/-0.39 and individual scores of 3.92+/-0.45 (learning instruction), 3.86+/-0.48 (understanding), 3.82+/-0.52 (information), 3.75+/-0.49 (concentration), and 3.67+/-0.58 (concentration-recommendation). Overall, evaluation results of the animation were good and easy to understand, with only a few respondents electing to watch the animations more than once. In terms of continuous and recurring education, sanitation training programs should be easy to learn and contain sufficient and specific examples of the importance of sanitation in achieving food safety.
CD-ROM ; Comprehension ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Humans ; Hygiene ; Norovirus ; Restaurants ; Retention (Psychology) ; Salmonella ; Sanitation ; Staphylococcus aureus

The significance of intraoperative electrophysiologic monitoring during microvascular decompression was evaluated prospectively in 261 patients with the hemifacial spasm from 1985 to 1995. The patients were divided into a monitored group and a non-monitored group. Identification of the offending vessels was facilitated by the monitoring during the surgical procedure and the complication rate of the monitored group was significantly lower than that of the non-monitored group (p< 0.05). In addition, the abnormal muscle response continued to improve during the follow-up period, thus the electrophysiological status of the hemifacial spasm after the microvascular decompression improved significantly with time (p< 0.05). In conclusion, intraoperative monitoring is useful for identifying the exact offender among multiple vessels, and lowering the complication rate of the microvascular decompression for the hemifacial spasm.
Adult ; *Decompression, Surgical ; *Facial Muscles ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Human ; Male ; Middle Age ; *Monitoring, Intraoperative ; Spasm/physiopathology/*surgery

The purpose of this study was to investigate the foodservice employees' awareness and performance in sanitation and customers' satisfaction with sanitation in large sized restaurants in Korea. Sanitation inspections were carried out in 200 large Korean, Western, Chinese, and Japanese style restaurants, and in buffet-style restaurants in Daegu and Gyeongbuk province. Foodservice employees' awareness of sanitation and customers' satisfaction with sanitation were investigated by interviewing 317 foodservice employees and 205 customers. Results of the inspection of restaurants showed low performance in food handling, employees' hygiene (hygienic) practices, and in cleaning food processing equipment. Scores of the foodservice employees' awareness in Chinese style restaurants were significantly lower than scores of workers in western restaurants. Foodservice employees had low awareness of sanitation procedures used for food storage and cleaning of equipment in Korean, Chinese, and Japanese style restaurants. Foodservice employees had low awareness of equipment cleaning, inspection and food distribution in western style restaurants; and of equipment cleaning and food handling in buffet-style restaurants. Foodservice employees at all restaurants had the lowest performance in terms of HACCP. This shows that HACCP application and recording have not yet been properly carried out at restaurants in Korea. Foodservice employees had low performance scores in food handling, vegetable disinfection and disinfection after hand washing. Research on customers' satisfaction with sanitation revealed a low rating of kitchens and foodservice employees at all restaurants. Customers had low satisfaction with servers and kitchen environments in Korean style restaurants; with food, tableware, utensils and servers in western style restaurants; with food and kitchen environments in Chinese style restaurants; with servers, tableware, and utensils in Japanese style restaurants; and with kitchen environments and servers in buffetstyle restaurants. Therefore, cleanliness of kitchen facilities and equipment, and hygienic food handling procedures by workers in restaurants are urgently needed.
Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Daegu ; Disinfection ; Food Handling ; Food Storage ; Gyeongsangbuk-do ; Hand Disinfection ; Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points ; Humans ; Hygiene ; Korea ; Restaurants* ; Sanitation* ; Vegetables