Breast cancer is one of the most common cancers in women and has been increasing in the last few years. Tumor markers are usually substances occurring in blood or tissue which might be clinically usable in patients with cancer. Owing to a lack of sensitivity for early disease and lack of specificity, none of the a-vailable markers is of much value for the early detection of breast cancer. To identify potential early-stage markers for breast cancer is a difficult problem. Here we summarizes the application of tumor markers in the diagnosis and prognostic prediction in breast cancer, which include CA153 ,CEA, PR and AR, and recently defined markers such as miRNA, hMAM, Midkine.

Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing ; chemistry ; metabolism ; Animals ; Apoptosis ; Cell Differentiation ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Cell Proliferation ; Humans ; Neoplasms ; pathology ; Phosphorylation ; Protein Isoforms ; RNA-Binding Proteins ; chemistry ; metabolism ; Transcription Factors ; antagonists & inhibitors

Objective To provide histological evidence for clinic tendon reconstruction on severe medial collateral ligament injury in rabbits. Methods Medial collateral ligaments of two knee joints were completely incised to create own control model of MCL rupture. The operation group intimated the procedure of human being MCL reconstruction with semitendinous tendon. In the 4th,12th,16th,24th weeks, healing of MCL was observed by anatomy and the picrosirius-polarization method. Results In the 4th week, the MCL healing tissue of ex-periment group is more than control group. The average ratios of type Ⅲ collagen to Ⅰ, Ⅲ collagen in the experiment group [(0.263±0.075), (0.235±0.041), (0.210±0.045), (0.197±0.029)] were significantly lower than those in control group [(0.310±0.072), (0.286±0.045), (0.261±0.046), (0.236±0.043) ] in the 4th, 12th, 16th, 24th weeks, respectively (P < 0.05). Conclusions The semitendinons tendon reconstruction can improve MCL healing in early and middle period after injury.

Objective To explore the surgical technique and its promising future of coblation in knee arthroscopic surgery. Methods Twenty cases of different knee problems were treated arthroscopically for partial meniscectomy, cartilage or ligament trimming, synovictomy or lateral retinaculum release with usage of ArthroCare 2000 radiofrequency machine. Arthroscopic diagnosis for these 20 cases were as follows, meniscus tear 6 cases, degenerative cartilage injury on femoral condyle 6 cases, patellar subluxation 5 cases, inflammatory synovitis 2 cases and partial injury of anterior cruciate ligament 1 case. Results The clinic results showed that treatment of injured tissue handled by coblation technique was much precise than that handled by the conventional technique, the former was featured by relative less invasive to the near normal areas and spontaneous coagulation function. No compression wraps were needed to be applied during operation. All patients were comfortable postoperatively with their pain- free and no swelling knees. Conclusion Less pain and easy for early rehabilitation for all ArthroCare 2000 treated cases imply that coblation technique could greatly enhance the clinic results of arthroscopic surgery for knee diseases.

0.05).In the 35 patient who had unitary incontinence before the operation,the symptom disappeared in 6(17.1%) patients,and deteriorated in 2(5.7%).While in the 38 patients without urinary incontinence before the operation,9(23.7%) showed the symptom postoperation.Totally,urinary incontinence was developed in 11 patients after the operation.Conclusions The patients with moderate-to-severe pelvic organ prolapse treated by traditional surgical procedures have a low rate of objective cure and a high rate of recurrent cystocele.It is important to repair the anterior pelvic floor during the operation.And the surgeons should be alert to the possibility of urinary incontinence.

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) has become a leading cause of irreversible visual loss in senior population with serious influence to their ability of living independently.Epidemiological researches have revealed various risk factors of AMD,some of which are not controllable such as age,heredity and race ;while others are modifiable such as lifestyle,eye conditions and other systemic diseases.However,the awareness of AMD risk factors is alarmingly low in public.Meanwhile,the understanding of AMD risk factors among ophthalmologists is also unsatisfactory.Therefore,the risk factors of AMD are reviewed here in order to improve the understanding of the ophthalmologists and better guide the clinical management of AMD.

Objective To investigate the effect of Rho GDP dissociation inhibitor 2 (RhoGDI2) and Bcl-2 in pathogenesis of hypoxic-ischemic brain damage (HIBD).Methods Neonatal 7-day-old Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into sham-operation control group,HIBD 6 h group and HIBD 48 h group (n =10 per group).The apoptosis rate of brain cell was measured by flow cytometer and the expression of RhoGDI2 mRNA and Bcl-2 mRNA were detected by Real-time RT-PCR.Results ( 1 ) The ligated cerebral hemisphere of neonatal rats showed obvious edema at 48 h after hypoxia-ischemia.( 2 ) Apoptotic cell appeared at 6 h in HIBD group,the apoptosis rate was ( 1.40 ± 0.12 ) ％.The apoptosis rate obviously increased to (15.86 ±0.98)％ at 48 h after HIBD,which showed a significant increase compared to sham-operation control group ( P ＜ 0.01 ).( 3 ) The expressions of both RhoGDI2 mRNA and Bcl-2 mRNA were 4.12 ±0.74 and 2.55 ± 0.65 respectively in sham-operation control group.In HIBD group,the expressions of both RhoGDI2 mRNA and Bcl-2 mRNA began to decrease at 6 h after HIBD ( 3.19 ± 0.77,1.96 ± 0.36) and decreased furthermore at 48 h after HIBD ( 1.04 ±0.18,1.06 ±0.17 ).The differences of expression levels among three groups were statistically significant (P ＜0.01 ).(4) The expression of RhoGDI2 mRNA positively correlated with the expression of Bcl-2 mRNA ( r =0.831,P ＜ 0.05 ).Conclusion With the emerging of apoptosis after HIBD,the expressions of both RhoGDI2 mRNA and Bcl-2 mRNA are decreased.The imbalance of expression of RhoGDI2 is involved in pathogenesis of HIBD by regulating Bcl-2 expression.

Retrospective analysis was performed on the preoperative imaging examinations in 18 patients with primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT). The results showed that non-invasive imaging examinations such as B ultrasound, CT, MRI and ~(99m)Tc-MIBI radionuclide scanning were of great value in locating the lesions of PHPT, ~(99m)Tc-MIBI radionuclide scanning is recommended as the method of first choice.

Objective To study the prevalence of atopic dermatitis (AD) in children in major cities of China. Method The children aged 1-7 were surveyed with questionnaire in ten cities of our country. Results In a total population of 49 241, there were 1 371 AD patients (768 males and 603 females) discovered. The total prevalence was 2.78%. The prevalence of males and females was 3.03% and 2.53%, respectively, The total standardized prevalence (S.P.) was 3.07%. The male and female S.P. was 3.86% and 2.20%, respectively, the difference being statistically significant (P

To observe the effect of Astragali Radix polysaccharides (APS) on the learning and memory functions of aged rats, in order to explore its mechanism for improving the learning and memory functions. Natural aging female SD rats were selected in the animal model and randomly divided into the control group, the APS low-dose group (50 mg x kg(-1)), the APS high-dose group (150 mg x kg(-1)) and the piracetam-treated group (560 mg x kg(-1)). They were orally administered with the corresponding drugs for consecutively 60 days. Besides, a young control group was set. The learning and memory functions of the rats were tested by the open-field test and the Morris water maze task. The Western-blot method was used to observe the levels of relevant neural plasticity protein N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDA receptor) in hippocampus, calcium/calmodulin dependent protein kinase II (CaMK II), protein kinase (PKA), the phosphorylation level of CAMP response element binding protein (CREB) and the protein expression of brain derived neurotrophic factor(BDNF). In this study, the authors found that the learning and memory functions and the hippocampus neural plasticity protein expression of the aged rat group were much lower than that of the young control group (P < 0.01). Compared with the aged rat group, the APS group showed the significant improvement in the impaired learning and memory functions of aged rats and the up-regulation in the hippocampus neural plasticity protein expression. The results showed that APS may improve the learning and memory functions of aged rats by increasing the expressions of relevant neural plasticity proteins.
Aging ; drug effects ; metabolism ; psychology ; Animals ; Astragalus Plant ; chemistry ; Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor ; metabolism ; Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein ; metabolism ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; chemistry ; pharmacology ; Female ; Hippocampus ; drug effects ; metabolism ; Humans ; Learning ; drug effects ; Memory ; drug effects ; Polysaccharides ; pharmacology ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate ; metabolism