Breast cancer is one of the most common cancers in women and has been increasing in the last few years. Tumor markers are usually substances occurring in blood or tissue which might be clinically usable in patients with cancer. Owing to a lack of sensitivity for early disease and lack of specificity, none of the a-vailable markers is of much value for the early detection of breast cancer. To identify potential early-stage markers for breast cancer is a difficult problem. Here we summarizes the application of tumor markers in the diagnosis and prognostic prediction in breast cancer, which include CA153 ,CEA, PR and AR, and recently defined markers such as miRNA, hMAM, Midkine.

Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing ; chemistry ; metabolism ; Animals ; Apoptosis ; Cell Differentiation ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Cell Proliferation ; Humans ; Neoplasms ; pathology ; Phosphorylation ; Protein Isoforms ; RNA-Binding Proteins ; chemistry ; metabolism ; Transcription Factors ; antagonists & inhibitors

Objective To provide histological evidence for clinic tendon reconstruction on severe medial collateral ligament injury in rabbits. Methods Medial collateral ligaments of two knee joints were completely incised to create own control model of MCL rupture. The operation group intimated the procedure of human being MCL reconstruction with semitendinous tendon. In the 4th,12th,16th,24th weeks, healing of MCL was observed by anatomy and the picrosirius-polarization method. Results In the 4th week, the MCL healing tissue of ex-periment group is more than control group. The average ratios of type Ⅲ collagen to Ⅰ, Ⅲ collagen in the experiment group [(0.263±0.075), (0.235±0.041), (0.210±0.045), (0.197±0.029)] were significantly lower than those in control group [(0.310±0.072), (0.286±0.045), (0.261±0.046), (0.236±0.043) ] in the 4th, 12th, 16th, 24th weeks, respectively (P < 0.05). Conclusions The semitendinons tendon reconstruction can improve MCL healing in early and middle period after injury.

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) has become a leading cause of irreversible visual loss in senior population with serious influence to their ability of living independently.Epidemiological researches have revealed various risk factors of AMD,some of which are not controllable such as age,heredity and race ;while others are modifiable such as lifestyle,eye conditions and other systemic diseases.However,the awareness of AMD risk factors is alarmingly low in public.Meanwhile,the understanding of AMD risk factors among ophthalmologists is also unsatisfactory.Therefore,the risk factors of AMD are reviewed here in order to improve the understanding of the ophthalmologists and better guide the clinical management of AMD.

Objective To explore the surgical technique and its promising future of coblation in knee arthroscopic surgery. Methods Twenty cases of different knee problems were treated arthroscopically for partial meniscectomy, cartilage or ligament trimming, synovictomy or lateral retinaculum release with usage of ArthroCare 2000 radiofrequency machine. Arthroscopic diagnosis for these 20 cases were as follows, meniscus tear 6 cases, degenerative cartilage injury on femoral condyle 6 cases, patellar subluxation 5 cases, inflammatory synovitis 2 cases and partial injury of anterior cruciate ligament 1 case. Results The clinic results showed that treatment of injured tissue handled by coblation technique was much precise than that handled by the conventional technique, the former was featured by relative less invasive to the near normal areas and spontaneous coagulation function. No compression wraps were needed to be applied during operation. All patients were comfortable postoperatively with their pain- free and no swelling knees. Conclusion Less pain and easy for early rehabilitation for all ArthroCare 2000 treated cases imply that coblation technique could greatly enhance the clinic results of arthroscopic surgery for knee diseases.

0.05).In the 35 patient who had unitary incontinence before the operation,the symptom disappeared in 6(17.1%) patients,and deteriorated in 2(5.7%).While in the 38 patients without urinary incontinence before the operation,9(23.7%) showed the symptom postoperation.Totally,urinary incontinence was developed in 11 patients after the operation.Conclusions The patients with moderate-to-severe pelvic organ prolapse treated by traditional surgical procedures have a low rate of objective cure and a high rate of recurrent cystocele.It is important to repair the anterior pelvic floor during the operation.And the surgeons should be alert to the possibility of urinary incontinence.

Objective To understand the situation of oxidative stress among diabetic nephropathy (DN) patients and observe the antioxidative effect of losartan at increasing dose in DN patients. Methods Thirty type 2 DN patients who neither smoked and nor took antioxidants were selected. The study began with an initial 4-6 weeks screening-treatment. Eligible patients then received losartan 50 mg/d daily for 8 weeks followed by losartan 100 mg/day daily for an additional 8 weeks. Blood glucose and blood pressure were closely monitored over the whole study period. All patients were followed up every other weeks, their 24-hour urine samples,fresh urine and venous blood sample were collected to measure urinary protein and creatinine excretion, urinary 8-OHdG, SOD, TAOC and MDA excretion , serum SOD, TAOC , MDA and other blood biochemistry parameters. Urinary 8-OHdG was determined by capillary electrophoresis and liquid phase chromatography. Results The total 24 hours urinary 8-OHdG excretion and the serum MDA concentration were higher than the normal values. The serum and urine SOD concentrations were lower than the normal values. There was an improvement in urinary 8-OHdG,serum and urine SOD, serum and urine MDA levels with losartan therapy. Compared with losartan 50 mg/d, the antioxidative effect of losartan 100 mg/d was more noticeable. Obvious decrease in 24-hour proteinuria on exposure to losartan was found, without severe adverse effect. Conclusions Oxidative stress damage is active in DN patients. Losartan has antioxidative effect on DN patients. Compared with losartan 50 mg/d, the antioxidative effect of losartan 100 mg/d is more marked, without increasing side effect. Losartan's antioxidative effect may be involved in its beneficial mechanisms on DN.

Objective To investigate the expression of angiotensinⅡ (Ang Ⅱ ) and its type 1 receptor (AT1) in circulation, placenta and kidney of the rots preeclampsia. Methods Preedampsia rat model was developed by inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase (L-NAME). The systolic blood pressure (SBP), 24 h urine protein, hepatic and renal function were compared among the precelampsia group, the normal pregnant group and nonpregnant control group. The kidney tissue was observed by light microscopy. ELISA and radioimmunoassay were used to detect Ang Ⅱ in rat plasma and kidney homogenate respectively. Placental AT1 was measured by Westem blot. The level of kidney AT1 was evaluated by immunohistochemistry and Western blot. Results In preeclampsia rats, SBP and 24 h urine protein were significantly higher compared with control groups. Compared to normal pregnant group, plasma Ang Ⅱ of preeclampsia rats was much higher [(0.706±0.086) ng/L vs (0.540±0.085) ng/L, P＜0.05]; placental AT1 was increased by 46%(P＜ 0.05); kidney Ang Ⅱ was decreased signigicantly [(65.543±40.634) ng/g vs (165.543±33.078) ng/g, P＜0.05]. The expression of ATI in kidney of preeclampsia rats was reduced evidently,which was only 33% of normal pregnancy group and 59% of nonpregnant control greup,respeetively (P＜0.05). Conclusions In preeclampsia rat model, the circulating Ang Ⅱ is increased, the placental RAS isactivated, while the kidney BAS is suppressed. The underlying mechanism of proteinuria and kidney damage associated with this phenomenon in preeclampsia needs further research.

Background and purpose: Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), is precursor lesions of invasive breast cancer, belongs to non-systemic ductal lesions, which is similar to other ductal lesions on imaging. This study aimed to investigate the differential diagnostic value of MRI in DCIS between DCIS with microinvasion (DCIS-MI) and breast intraductal papilloma (BIDP). Methods:All the cases were surgico-pathologically conifrmed. Twenty-four patients were DCIS, 9 patients were DCIS-MI, and 20 patients were BIDP. The MRI charateristics of DCIS, DCIS-MI and BIDP were analyzed and compared. Results:DCIS and DCIS-MI’s performance in the form of MRI is dififcult to differentiate (P<0.05). Compared with BIDP, the ductal and segmental enhancement, typeⅢtime-signal intensity curve (TIC), and the red pseudo-color image were associated with the DCIS. The local area enhancement, typeⅡTIC, and no-red pseudo-color image were associated with BIDP. Conclusion:MRI is a useful for differentiate between DCIS and BIDP, but is dififcult for DCIS and DCIS-MI.

Background and purpose:Histological grade of DCIS is an important factor in the prognosis, high nuclear grade have higher inifltration trend and recurrence rate. This study aimed to evaluate the dynamic and morphological MRI charactristics of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) of the breast, then analyze its relations with nuclear grade. Methods:Of the 94 patients, 97 lesions were proved DCIS by pathology. The morphology, maximum size, time-intensity curve of lesion were recorded or measured. Statistic was performed to identify MR imaging features that optimally discriminated HNG from non-HNG DCIS. Results:There were 49 non mass-like enhancement lesions, and 48 masses enhancement lesions. Among 49 non mass-like lesions, 29 were segmental enhancement (59.18%). Dynamic enhanced performance:50 exhibited plateau curves and 27 were washout curves. BI-RADS categories:22 BI-RADS 4A, 19 BI-RADS 4B, 29 BI-RADS 4C, and 27 BI-RADS 5. HNG lesions exhibited larger mean maximum lesion size (non-mass-like enhancement: P=0.01; mass: P=0.03), time- intensity curve was variable to approach signiifcance (P=0.01), and BI-RADS can help to discriminate the nuclear grade (P=0.02). There were no differences in lesion morphology (P>0.05). Conclusion:The preliminary ifndings suggest that DCE MR imaging features may aid in identifying patients with high risk DCIS.