Peroxiredoxins (Prxs) are antioxidant enzymes that protect cells from oxidative stress by reducing intracellular accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In mammalian cells, the six Prx isoforms are ubiquitously expressed in diverse intracellular locations. They are involved in the regulation of various physiological processes including cell growth, differentiation, apoptosis, immune response and metabolism as well as intracellular ROS homeostasis. Although there are increasing evidences that Prxs are involved in carcinogenesis of many cancers, their role in cancer is controversial. The ROS levels in cancer cells are increased compared to normal cells, thus promoting cancer development. Nevertheless, for various cancer types, an overexpression of Prxs has been found to be associated with poor patient prognosis, and an increasing number of studies have reported that tumorigenesis is either facilitated or inhibited by regulation of cancer-associated signaling pathways. This review summarizes Prx isoforms and their basic functions, the relationship between the expression level and the physiological role of Prxs in cancer cells, and their roles in regulating cancer-associated signaling pathways.
Apoptosis ; Carcinogenesis ; Homeostasis ; Humans ; Metabolism ; Oxidative Stress ; Peroxiredoxins ; Physiological Processes ; Prognosis ; Protein Isoforms ; Reactive Oxygen Species

Apios americana Medik tubers are medicinal foods with anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory activities. However, mechanisms of immunostimulatory action of the Apios tuber extract (ATE) on macrophages have not been elucidated. In the present study, we investigated whether ATE could modulate immune responses, such as production of nitric oxide (NO), proinflammatory cytokines, and transcription factors, in RAW264.7 macrophage cells. ATE significantly increased the production of NO and proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and induced the mRNA and protein levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and proinflammatory cytokines in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, Western blot analysis revealed that ATE activated the transcription factor Nuclear Factor-κB and mitogen-activated protein kinases signaling cascades, including extracellular signal-regulated kinase, c-Jun N-terminal kinase, and p38 kinase. In addition, we found that ATE induced the activation of macrophages through upregulation of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and TLR2. Taken together, these findings indicate that ATE possesses a potential as a functional food with immunostimulatory activity.
Blotting, Western ; Cyclooxygenase 2 ; Cytokines ; Functional Food ; Interleukin-6 ; JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases ; Macrophages* ; Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases ; Necrosis ; Nitric Oxide ; Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II ; Phosphotransferases ; RNA, Messenger ; Toll-Like Receptor 4 ; Toll-Like Receptors ; Transcription Factors ; Up-Regulation