Thigh muscle cross-sectional area (CSA) and maximum voluntary isometric strength of knee extensor and flexor muscles were measured in 97 men (2065 years) and 162 women (2069 years) in sedentary Japanese adults. Each subject was assigned to one of five age groups (3^rd 4^th 5^th 6^th and 7^th decade) . Thigh muscle CSA was estimated by our developmental measuring system using an ultrasonographic device, which was connected to a PC for graphical processing. Muscle CSA for the 7^th decade in men was significantly smaller than that for the 3^rd decade. For women, muscle CSA were no significant from the 3^rd to the 7^th decade. The isometric knee extensor strength showed a significant decline with age from the 7^th decade in men, whereas there was no significant change with age in women. Isometric strength of knee flexors in men showed a gradual decline from the 5_th decade. The aging-associated reduction of muscle strength per muscle CSA in the extensors and flexors started from the 6_th decade in men. It was concluded that the size and strength of the thigh muscles begin to decrease simultaneously by approximately the 6_th decade in men, whereas there are no change until the 7^th decade in women.

One male and eleven female subjects were examined in order to compare their ventilatory and heart rate responsiveness to hypoxia at rest and during moderate exercise (60 W) .
1) The slopes of the ventilatory response curve to hypoxia (AVE) were 306.5±229.5 and 1, 082.9±928.3l⋅min^-1⋅mmHg at rest and during exercise, respectively. Significant difference (p<0.05) between the two groups was found.
2) The slopes of the hypoxia-heart rate response curve (A_HR) were 704.9±477.3 and 1, 165.5±587.8 beats⋅min^-1⋅mmHg at rest and during exercise, respectively. The latter was significantly greater than the former (p<0.05) .
3) A significant relationship between AVE and AHR was observed (p<0.05) .
4) The relationship between ΔV_E50 and ΔHR₅₀, the increments of ventilation and heart rate from room-air to end-tidal Po₂ 50 mmHg, was also significant (p<0.01) .
These results indicate that hypoxic ventilatory and heart rate responsiveness during exercise is significantly greater than at rest, and point to the highly synergistic nature of the relationship between respiratory and cardiac regulations.

Recently, a long-term health concern has been identified in young Japanese women. These women have a high percentage of body fat despite a normal shape index indicator such as BMI. This condition is called marked obesity, and shows relative low lean body mass. Using an analogous determination, we investigated low percentage of muscle quantity (LM) in the extremities of young Japanese women (n=156) . The cross-sectional areas of muscle, subcutaneous fat, and bone were measured in the upper arm and thigh using ultrasonography. Extremity shape index (CSA_t/L) was defined as the total extremity cross-sectional area (CSA_t) divided by the length of the limb (L), Percent muscle in each extremity (% MA) was calculated from the ratio of muscle CSA to whole limb CSA. LM was defined as the percentage of muscle in the upper arm or thigh less than 1 SD below average and the limb shape index less than 1 SD above average. Nine of 91 subjects displayed LM for the upper arm. A similar proportion of subjects showed LM for the thigh (15/156) . The muscle mass and strength in the upper arm or thigh were compared between the subjects with LM and non-LM subjects with a similar shape index of extremity. There was a tendency towards lower muscle mass and muscle strength in the subjects with LM. From the same comparison, the subjects with LM showed a greater load on extremity muscles to sustain the body weight (i.e., body weight per unit of upper arm or thigh muscle CSA) . To mitigate the deleterious health consequences of low percent muscle quantity it is recommended that young Japanese women who display such a condition should participate in a resistance-training program.

We report a rare case of acute type A aortic dissection with paraplegia which was reversed using cerebrospinal fluid drainage (CFD). The patient was a 80-year-old man who was admitted with acute back pain and paraplegia. Computed tomographic scans showed an acute type A aortic dissection. Four hours after onset of paraplegia, CFD was initiated by inserting an intrathecal catheter at L3-L4. Cerebrospinal fluid was drained freely by gravity whenever the pressure exceeded 10cmH₂O. After 32h, the neurological deficit was completely resolved. CFD can be considered a useful treatment in patients with paraplegia after acute aortic dissection.

Aims: The aim of this study was to clarify practical use of feedback report in each institution participated the nationwide bereavement survey (J-HOPE3). Methods: After a nationwide bereavement survey (J-HOPE3) conducted in 2014, we sent a feedback report to each participated institution (20 general wards, 133 inpatient palliative care units, and 22 home hospice services). The feedback report included the results from quality of care, bereaved family’s mental status, and free comments from the participant of their own institution. We sent a questionnaire 4 month following to the feedback report for all institutions regarding the practical use of results from the feedback report. Results: The analysis included 129 (response rate 74%) returned questionnaires. The institutions that they passed around the report was 90%, discussed about their results at a staff meeting was 54%, and reported the results to manager/chief of the institution was 65%. Around 80% of the institutions responded positively to receive the feedback report of their own institution such as “It was good that they could understand the strengths and weakness of their own institutions” which reported that they worked on to improve care were 48%. Conclusions: Current study had shown data about practical use of the feedback report of bereavement study. It is important to feedback the results and encourage the institution to make use of the results in their daily practice, especially to discuss the results in staff meetings.

The aim of this study was to clarify the prevalence and characteristics of breakthrough pain in cancer patients. We conducted a cross-sectional survey of consecutive patients older than 20 years of age admitted to a University Hospital with a cancer diagnosis Breakthrough pain was defined as meeting all of the following criteria： Pain 1）with background pain present most of the time, 2）which is well controlled, 3）with short-lived episodes of exacerbation. One hundred and sixty-nine patients were recruited and 118（69.8％）completed the survey. Of these 118 patients, 11％（95％CI：7–18％）had breakthrough pain. Breakthrough pain occurred in 23％（14–35％）of patients with cancer-related pain and 29％（17–45％）of patients with pain from the cancer itself. Patients reported episodes occurring up to three times a day,a time to peak intensity of within 5 minutes, and a duration of untreated episodes of up to 15 minutes are 54％（29–77％）, 54％（29–77％）, 54％（29–77％）, respectively.

We report a rare case of vasculo-Behçet's disease complicated by an intracardiac thrombus. A 48-year-old woman with a history of Behçet's disease and deep vein thrombosis in a lower limb, and who had been treated with colchicine and warfarin, was given a diagnosis of an appendectal tumor by colonoscopy. Preoperative examinations, including chest computed tomography, showed a pedunculated mobile tumor from her inferior vena cava (IVC) to the right atrium (RA). Urgent surgery was performed to prevent pulmonary embolism. We exposed the RA through a median sternotomy under cardiopulmonary bypass and extirpated the tumor that appeared macroscopically to be an organized thrombus attached to the IVC wall. The pathological diagnosis was organized thrombus. A month later, she underwent ileocecal resection and was given a pathological diagnosis of mucinous cystadenoma. Her postoperative course was uneventful. Intracardiac thrombus complicated by vasculo-Behçet's disease is rare, and it is important in the differential diagnosis of intracardiac tumor.

A 42 year-old woman with Marfan syndrome, who had replacement of the ascending aorta for acute aortic dissection several years ago, was found to have distal aortic arch aneurysm. The aneurysm had small entries at cervical arterial branches and large re-entry at the left external iliac artery. It was necessary to perform two-staged operation Bentall procedure with total arch replacement and abdominal aortic replacement with re-entry closure. It was usually performed with a primary entry closure for chronic aortic dissection, but massive invasion was expected. We performed catheter angiography for entry and re-entry, and decided to perform preceding re-entry closure. First, we underwent replacement of the abdominal aorta, and then successfully performed the Bentall procedure with total aortic arch replacement. The catheter angiography was useful for decision-making for medical treatment.

A 51-year-old man presented to our hospital with general fatigue and lower extremity edema due to right heart failure with severe coagulation disorder. He had undergone ascending aortic and total arch replacement for type A acute aortic dissection when he was 49 years old and had diagnosed with anastomotic pseudoaneurysm in the ascending aorta by computed tomography 1 year after the operation. Preoperative computed tomography showed an enlargement of the pseudoaneurysm. Since re-median sternotomy seemed to be high risk strategy for bleeding due to severe coagulation disorder, we decided to perform ascending aortic replacement through right thoracotomy. We opened the pseudoaneurysm and found an aorto-right atrium fistula. Redo ascending aortic replacement with direct closure of the fistula was successfully performed. The postoperative course was uneventful.

Background: The relationships between the postpartum subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) occurrence and predicted bacterial functions during the periparturient period are still not clear in Holstein cows. Objectives: The present study was performed to investigate the alterations of rumen fermentation, bacterial community structure, and predicted bacterial functional pathways in Holstein cows. Methods: Holstein cows were divided into the SARA (n = 6) or non-SARA (n = 4) groups, depending on whether they developed SARA during the first 2 weeks after parturition.Reticulo-ruminal pH was measured continuously during the study period. Reticulo-ruminal fluid samples were collected 3 weeks prepartum, and 2 and 6 weeks postpartum, and blood samples were collected 3 weeks before, 0, 2, 4 and 6 weeks postpartum. Results: The postpartum decline in 7-day mean reticulo-ruminal pH was more severe and longer-lasting in the SARA group compared with the non-SARA group. Changes in predicted functional pathways were identified in the SARA group. A significant upregulation of pathway “PWY-6383” associated with Mycobacteriaceae species was identified at 3 weeks after parturition in the SARA group. Significantly identified pathways involved in denitrification (DENITRIFICATION-PWY and PWY-7084), detoxification of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (PWY1G-0), and starch degradation (PWY-622) in the SARA group were downregulated. Conclusions The postpartum SARA occurrence is likely related to the predicted functions of rumen bacterial community rather than the alterations of rumen fermentation or fluid bacterial community structure. Therefore, our result suggests the underlying mechanisms, namely functional adaptation of bacterial community, causing postpartum SARA in Holstein cows during the periparturient period.