In order to examine the personal space perception, measurements were conducted on both elbows in 14 men and 46 women. Each subject, with his (or her) eyes closed and with his upper arm fixed horizontally, was instructed to stop the vertical and horizontal swing motion of his lower arm at the point he considered to be the middle of the range of possible motion on the front and side of plane at his shoulder, and this was repeated ten times. In various conditions, similar measurements were also done to study factors affecting the personal space perception in 14 men.
Mean values of bisected angles in percentage against range of motion were deviated from the middle points in the direction of the elbow extension, although there were large differences between the individuals. The deviation was smallest in the vertical. side of plane, and was larger in the horizontal plane than that in the vertical plane. The deviation was not so much affected by the various conditions.
It was suggested that the gain of the personal space perception is higher in the elbow extension than in the elbow flexion and its difference is larger in the horizontal plane than in vertical plane of the human elbow joint.

A 61-year-old man with obstructive jaundice caused by distal bile duct cancer recurrence was admitted to our hospital. As treatment, we performed endoscopic ultrasound-guided hepaticogastrostomy and placed a self-expanding metal stent. Computed tomography was performed immediately after the procedure to ensure proper stent placement. Although repeat imaging the next day revealed that the stent on the hepaticogastrostomy route had shortened, the stent on the gastric side maintained sufficient length. However, 11 days after the procedure, the stomach-to-liver distance had increased, and the stent on the gastric side was significantly shortened. Endoscopic imaging revealed that the stent had almost migrated, and we added a fully covered self-expanding metal stent into the previous metallic stent via the hepaticogastrostomy route. The patient was discharged 19 days after the initial procedure without complications. Computed tomography performed 40 days after the hepaticogastrostomy revealed that the initial stent had migrated into the abdominal cavity, but the second stent was in an appropriate position. In conclusion, repeated monitoring by computed tomography after hepaticogastrostomy procedure may be an effective method for preventing stent migration in high-risk cases.

A 61-year-old man with obstructive jaundice caused by distal bile duct cancer recurrence was admitted to our hospital. As treatment, we performed endoscopic ultrasound-guided hepaticogastrostomy and placed a self-expanding metal stent. Computed tomography was performed immediately after the procedure to ensure proper stent placement. Although repeat imaging the next day revealed that the stent on the hepaticogastrostomy route had shortened, the stent on the gastric side maintained sufficient length. However, 11 days after the procedure, the stomach-to-liver distance had increased, and the stent on the gastric side was significantly shortened. Endoscopic imaging revealed that the stent had almost migrated, and we added a fully covered self-expanding metal stent into the previous metallic stent via the hepaticogastrostomy route. The patient was discharged 19 days after the initial procedure without complications. Computed tomography performed 40 days after the hepaticogastrostomy revealed that the initial stent had migrated into the abdominal cavity, but the second stent was in an appropriate position. In conclusion, repeated monitoring by computed tomography after hepaticogastrostomy procedure may be an effective method for preventing stent migration in high-risk cases.

A 61-year-old man with obstructive jaundice caused by distal bile duct cancer recurrence was admitted to our hospital. As treatment, we performed endoscopic ultrasound-guided hepaticogastrostomy and placed a self-expanding metal stent. Computed tomography was performed immediately after the procedure to ensure proper stent placement. Although repeat imaging the next day revealed that the stent on the hepaticogastrostomy route had shortened, the stent on the gastric side maintained sufficient length. However, 11 days after the procedure, the stomach-to-liver distance had increased, and the stent on the gastric side was significantly shortened. Endoscopic imaging revealed that the stent had almost migrated, and we added a fully covered self-expanding metal stent into the previous metallic stent via the hepaticogastrostomy route. The patient was discharged 19 days after the initial procedure without complications. Computed tomography performed 40 days after the hepaticogastrostomy revealed that the initial stent had migrated into the abdominal cavity, but the second stent was in an appropriate position. In conclusion, repeated monitoring by computed tomography after hepaticogastrostomy procedure may be an effective method for preventing stent migration in high-risk cases.