An 89-year-old man with a past history of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation was urgently admitted to our hospital because of sudden-onset pain in the left forearm. The pulse of the left brachial artery had disappeared. Angiography demonstrated left brachial artery occlusion due to a thrombus. The day after an emergency thrombectomy, abdominal pain occurred after eating. Enhanced computed tomography and aortography revealed that the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) was occluded with collateral circulation from the inferior mesenteric artery (IMA). Under a diagnosis of angina abdominalis, the bypass procedure, using a saphenous vein graft (SVG) from the abdominal aorta to the SMA, was carried out under the support of cardiopulmonary bypass. To maintain antegrade alignment of the SVG, the SVG was anastomosed proximally to the infrarenal abdominal aorta. Severe atherosclerotic changes were observed in the main trunk of the SMA. However, no intestinal necrosis occurred because of the well-developed collateral flow from the IMA. The mechanism of angina abdominalis is probably due to thromboembolism in the SMA which had preexisting stenotic organic lesions.

A 55-year-old man was referred to our hospital for hemolytic anemia 21 months after an ascending aortic replacement for acute type A aortic dissection. The enhanced CT revealed an aortic pseudoaneurysm formation at the proximal anastomosis. The cause of hemolysis was verified to be the pressure by an aortic pseudoaneurysm formation at the vascular graft stenosis. At the reoperation, the previous vascular graft was found to have partially detached from the aortic stump over the non-coronary cusp. Ascending aortic replacement was performed with a tailoried vascular graft in a scallop shape, corresponding to the non-coronary cusp. The postoperative course was uneventful and hemolysis diminished soon after the operation.

The patient was a 65-year-old man who had undergone AVR (SJM Regent : 19 mm) for AR in June 2007. Since March 2008 there had been an increase in the pressure gradient between the aorta and the left ventricle on transthoracic echocardiography (peak PG : 46 mmHg, mean PG : 27 mm Hg). Plain x-ray films of the valve showed limited opening of the metallic valve. However, no symptoms of heart failure were observed on a physical examination. Blood tests performed in December 2007 showed a PT-INR value of 1.22. Since the effects of warfarin anticoagulant therapy were insufficient, its dose was adjusted on follow-up. An examination in June revealed further stenosis of the valve (peak PG : 93 mmHg, mean PG : 58 mmHg). Valve thrombosis was suspected because the condition was poorly controlled by warfarin. Thus, thrombolytic therapy using t-PA was performed (800,000 units). However, the patient complained of chest pain 1 h 30 min after initiation of thrombolytic therapy. Twelve-lead electrocardiography was performed, and ST-segment elevations were observed in the limb and chest leads. Acute myocardial infarction due to a free-floating thrombus was suspected, and emergency cardiac catheterization was performed. Segment 7 was totally occluded, and reperfusion was achieved by thrombus aspiration. Embolization of the coronary artery was speculated to have occurred because of the improved mobility of the metallic valve and dissolution of a thrombus adhering to the valve. A case of acute myocardial infarction as a complication of thrombolytic therapy for valve thrombosis is rare. This case reaffirms the necessity of careful monitoring during thrombolytic therapy.

We reported an operative case of bilateral coronary arteries to pulmonary artery fistula with giant saccular aneurysm. This 68 year-old female was admitted for evaluation of chest oppression and heart murmur. On coronary angiography, the diagnosis was made as a coronary artery fistula originating from right coronary artery and left anterior descending artery, and draining into the main pulmonary artery. The operation was indicated by giant saccular aneurysm, high shunt ratio, and positive finding of ischemic change on exercise electrocardiogram. The closure of coronary fistula and aneurysmorrhaphy were performed under cardiopulmonary bypass. The aneurysm was 25×30mm diamater, and not found arteriosclerotic change in operative finding. The fistula was completely disappeared by postopertive coronary angiography. We concluded that curative operation for coronary artery fistula with giant aneurysm can be done with minimal risk under cardiopulmonary bypass.

We report a case of a solitary iliac aneurysm-fistula of the sigmoid colon. A 68-year-old male was diagnosed as having diverticulum of the sigmoid colon by barium enema at a near-by hospital with a major complaint of melena. He continued to have massive melena although he received sigmoid colectomy. His condition eventually deteriorated into shock and he was transferred to our department. Angiographic findings showed a left common iliac aneurysm. Under the diagnosis of a rupture of a sigmoid colon, emergency operation was performed including aneurysmectomy and bypass formation between the femoral and femoral artery as an extraanatomical bypass. The patient developed multipul organ failure following the sepsis and died 8 days postoperatively. An aneurysm-intestinal fistula is a complication of an aneurysm. The problem of this disease is the difficulty in making a definite diagnosis with high mortality rate. We should consider the possibility of an aneurysm-intestinal fistula for the patient with gastrointestinal bleeding of the unknown origin.

Divers' heart rates were measured under real ocean diving conditions with the purpose of evaluating the workload during SCUBA diving. For the subjects, all-out tests were conducted and evaluated in each of the following conditions: 1. ergometer cycling, 2. ergometer cycling using diving regulator, 3. fin-swimming in a swimming pool with diving equipment. No significant heart rate difference was found between the pre-dive and post dive of each subject; although, in novice divers, high heart rates such as 140/min or more were observed especially during the dive gear wearing phase on the topside and/or floating on the surface phase, suggesting there should be some high heart rate inducing factors, other than the exercise, like stress. Whereas, in the results of the all-out tests, the heart rate for fin-swimming was 16~18 beats/min lower, as well as 5.7~14.2 ml/kg/min lower for VO₂max, as compared to the ergometer cycling. This may suggest that fin-swimming like scuba diving could give a diver some degree of physical load without on increased heart rate.

Behcet's disease is generally recognized as a chronic multi-system disease. Approxymately 8% of patients with Behct's disease will have serious vascular compilcations which is called vasculo-Behcet's disease. A male patient of 41 year old was admitted to our clinic, complaining pain of left popliteal fossa and hypesthesia of left lower leg. A popliteal aneurysm was found. Resection of the aneurysm and a saphenous vein graft were successfully performed. Neuropathy disappeared after the surgery. Aneurysms in Behcet's disease mainly appear in major arteries, and rarely in peripheral arteries. Compression neuropathy in the popliteal aneurysm of Behcet's disease has been rarely reported. Early resection of aneurysm before completion of neuropathy is recommended for succsessful outcome.

Postoperative cardiac function and the occurrence of arrythmia depend upon myocardial protection during open heart surgery in severe concentric hypertrophy. The effect of myocardial protection was evaluated in terms of several released cardiac enzymes before and after reperfusion, and postoperative left ventricular (LV) cardiac function from cardiac pool scintigram in 21 cases with aortic stenosis (AS Group). These data were compared with 20 cases with aortic regurgitation (AR Group). Heart weight and aortic cross-clamping time were not significantly different in these two groups. The enzymatic values in peak total creatine-kinase (CK) and peak CK-MB fraction were higher in the AS group than in the AR group, and peak GOT was significantly elevated in the AS group (peak GOT: 93±32 in AS group, 64±17IU/l in the AR group, p<0.01). Among the cases in the AS group, six cases with LV small cavity (LVDd<4cm) and severe concentric hypertrophy were associated with high values of released enzyme and the occurrence of ventricular arrythmia. Postoperative cardiac function was estimated from both systolic parameters such as LV ejection fraction (LVEF) or peak ejection rate (PER) and diastolic parameters such as peak filling rate (PFR) or early diastolic filling rate (1/3PFR). Postoperative LVEF and PER improved to normal control levels in the AS group with preoperatively depressed systolic function, although values were decreased in the AR group with impaired systolic function. The postoperative early diastolic peak filling rate did not recover to control levels in the AS group as well as the AR group, and was impaired in the AS group with severe concentric hypertrophy due to elevated chamber stiffness and the delay of time to peak filling rate. In severe concentric hypertrophy, we used several techniques for myocardial protection of terminal blood cardioplegia, and gradually increased reperfusion pressure and LV venting after reperfusion. Late results revealed a good clinical course in all 21 cases except for the occurrence of arrythmia in three.

We present three cases of injured iliac arteries due to blunt abdominal trauma in traffic accidents. We performed emergency operations on these patients. Two of them received interposition of artificial prosthesis, and one received extraanatomical bypass. Fasciotomy was needed for compartment syndrome in 2 cases and one of them suffered a fractured pelvis with rupture of the ipsilateral femoral vein. One case was complicated with laceration of the mesentery. The postoperative course was almost uneventful in 2 cases but one died 8 days after operation because of subsequent multiple organ failure due to renal failure with necrosis of the small intestine of unknown cause. The diagnostic difficulties in such injuries depend on the existence of complications and different obstructive mechanisms from the penetrating injuries. Adequate and prompt diagnosis based on the clinically suspicious signs including weakness and discrepancy of the pulse are required.

Left ventricular wall motion was evaluated after mitral valve replacement (MVR). MVR for mitral regurgitation (MR) was performed with preservation of both anterior and posterior chordae tendineae (Group I, n=12) or posterior chordae tendineae (Group II, n=9). MVR for mitral stenosis was performed with the preservation of the posterior chordae alone (MS Group, n=12). Postoperative regional wall motion was analyzed from the shortening fraction (SF) of the centerline method in 5 of antero-basal (AB), anterolateral (AL), apical (AP), diaphragmatic (DP) and posterobasal (PB) regions. The percentage of post-operative SF for preoperative value (%SF) was compared between Group I and Group II. The value of %SF improved much more in Group I than in Group II at the AL and AP regions. %EF was more significantly increased in Group I than in Group II, although postoperative ESVI and EDVI decreased in both groups. In the MS Group, EF, ESVI and EDVI did not change after surgery. The regional wall motion improved except in the calcified PB region. These results demonstrated that the preservation of both anterior and posterior chordae tendineae for MR was a useful procedure to improve postoperative LV regional wall motion. The preservation of posterior chordae for MS was sufficient to improve the regional wall motion except in the calcified submitral region.