This review evaluates the role of the large language model (LLM) in psychotherapy, emphasizing integration with theory of mind (ToM) and its influence on therapeutic outcomes and interactions.The current state-of-the-art in LLMs matches a 6-year-old’s ToM level, and thus encounters limitations in client interactions. Reinforcing the LLM ToM could improve interaction quality and can foster empathetic therapeutic settings vital for effective psychotherapy. However, significant gaps remain, especially in achieving contextual, human-like interactions. Key challenges include a lack of evaluation standards for LLM-based psychotherapies, insufficient clinical training data, and the need for a deeper exploration of therapeutic alliances between the LLM and the clients. This review emphasizes the transformative potential of the LLM in psychotherapy through integration with ToM, enhancing both the understanding of patients’ mental states and therapeutic interactions. Future research should focus on refining ToM benchmarks for the LLM, examining the therapeutic alliance, and addressing methodological issues to optimize ToM in LLM-based psychotherapy.

This review evaluates the role of the large language model (LLM) in psychotherapy, emphasizing integration with theory of mind (ToM) and its influence on therapeutic outcomes and interactions.The current state-of-the-art in LLMs matches a 6-year-old’s ToM level, and thus encounters limitations in client interactions. Reinforcing the LLM ToM could improve interaction quality and can foster empathetic therapeutic settings vital for effective psychotherapy. However, significant gaps remain, especially in achieving contextual, human-like interactions. Key challenges include a lack of evaluation standards for LLM-based psychotherapies, insufficient clinical training data, and the need for a deeper exploration of therapeutic alliances between the LLM and the clients. This review emphasizes the transformative potential of the LLM in psychotherapy through integration with ToM, enhancing both the understanding of patients’ mental states and therapeutic interactions. Future research should focus on refining ToM benchmarks for the LLM, examining the therapeutic alliance, and addressing methodological issues to optimize ToM in LLM-based psychotherapy.

This review evaluates the role of the large language model (LLM) in psychotherapy, emphasizing integration with theory of mind (ToM) and its influence on therapeutic outcomes and interactions.The current state-of-the-art in LLMs matches a 6-year-old’s ToM level, and thus encounters limitations in client interactions. Reinforcing the LLM ToM could improve interaction quality and can foster empathetic therapeutic settings vital for effective psychotherapy. However, significant gaps remain, especially in achieving contextual, human-like interactions. Key challenges include a lack of evaluation standards for LLM-based psychotherapies, insufficient clinical training data, and the need for a deeper exploration of therapeutic alliances between the LLM and the clients. This review emphasizes the transformative potential of the LLM in psychotherapy through integration with ToM, enhancing both the understanding of patients’ mental states and therapeutic interactions. Future research should focus on refining ToM benchmarks for the LLM, examining the therapeutic alliance, and addressing methodological issues to optimize ToM in LLM-based psychotherapy.

This review evaluates the role of the large language model (LLM) in psychotherapy, emphasizing integration with theory of mind (ToM) and its influence on therapeutic outcomes and interactions.The current state-of-the-art in LLMs matches a 6-year-old’s ToM level, and thus encounters limitations in client interactions. Reinforcing the LLM ToM could improve interaction quality and can foster empathetic therapeutic settings vital for effective psychotherapy. However, significant gaps remain, especially in achieving contextual, human-like interactions. Key challenges include a lack of evaluation standards for LLM-based psychotherapies, insufficient clinical training data, and the need for a deeper exploration of therapeutic alliances between the LLM and the clients. This review emphasizes the transformative potential of the LLM in psychotherapy through integration with ToM, enhancing both the understanding of patients’ mental states and therapeutic interactions. Future research should focus on refining ToM benchmarks for the LLM, examining the therapeutic alliance, and addressing methodological issues to optimize ToM in LLM-based psychotherapy.

No abstract available.
B-Lymphocytes* ; Drug Therapy* ; Lymphoma, B-Cell* ; Pneumocystis jirovecii* ; Pneumocystis* ; Pneumonia*

Background: Cervical esophageal cancer is a rare malignancy that requires specialized care. While definitive chemoradiation is the standard treatment approach, surgery remains a valuable option for certain patients. This study examined the surgical outcomes of patients with cervical esophageal cancer. Methods: The study involved a retrospective review and analysis of 24 patients with cervical esophageal cancer. These patients underwent surgical resection between September 1994 and December 2018. Results: The mean age of the patients was 61.0±10.2 years, and 22 (91.7%) of them were male. Furthermore, 21 patients (87.5%) had T3 or T4 tumors, and 11 (45.8%) exhibited lymph node metastasis. Gastric pull-up with esophagectomy was performed for 19 patients (79.2%), while 5 (20.8%) underwent free jejunal graft with cervical esophagectomy.The 30-day operative mortality rate was 8.3%. During the follow-up period, complications included leakage at the anastomotic site in 9 cases (37.5%) and graft necrosis of the gastric conduit in 1 case. Progression to oral feeding was achieved in 20 patients (83.3%). Fifteen patients (62.5%) displayed tumor recurrence. The median time from surgery to recurrence was 10.5 months, and the 1-year recurrence rate was 73.3%. The 1-year and 3-year survival rates were 75% and 33.3%, respectively, with a median survival period of 17 months. Conclusion Patients with cervical esophageal cancer who underwent surgical resection faced unfavorable outcomes and relatively poor survival. The selection of cases and decision to proceed with surgery should be made cautiously, considering the risk of severe complications.

Background: Cervical esophageal cancer is a rare malignancy that requires specialized care. While definitive chemoradiation is the standard treatment approach, surgery remains a valuable option for certain patients. This study examined the surgical outcomes of patients with cervical esophageal cancer. Methods: The study involved a retrospective review and analysis of 24 patients with cervical esophageal cancer. These patients underwent surgical resection between September 1994 and December 2018. Results: The mean age of the patients was 61.0±10.2 years, and 22 (91.7%) of them were male. Furthermore, 21 patients (87.5%) had T3 or T4 tumors, and 11 (45.8%) exhibited lymph node metastasis. Gastric pull-up with esophagectomy was performed for 19 patients (79.2%), while 5 (20.8%) underwent free jejunal graft with cervical esophagectomy.The 30-day operative mortality rate was 8.3%. During the follow-up period, complications included leakage at the anastomotic site in 9 cases (37.5%) and graft necrosis of the gastric conduit in 1 case. Progression to oral feeding was achieved in 20 patients (83.3%). Fifteen patients (62.5%) displayed tumor recurrence. The median time from surgery to recurrence was 10.5 months, and the 1-year recurrence rate was 73.3%. The 1-year and 3-year survival rates were 75% and 33.3%, respectively, with a median survival period of 17 months. Conclusion Patients with cervical esophageal cancer who underwent surgical resection faced unfavorable outcomes and relatively poor survival. The selection of cases and decision to proceed with surgery should be made cautiously, considering the risk of severe complications.

Background: Cervical esophageal cancer is a rare malignancy that requires specialized care. While definitive chemoradiation is the standard treatment approach, surgery remains a valuable option for certain patients. This study examined the surgical outcomes of patients with cervical esophageal cancer. Methods: The study involved a retrospective review and analysis of 24 patients with cervical esophageal cancer. These patients underwent surgical resection between September 1994 and December 2018. Results: The mean age of the patients was 61.0±10.2 years, and 22 (91.7%) of them were male. Furthermore, 21 patients (87.5%) had T3 or T4 tumors, and 11 (45.8%) exhibited lymph node metastasis. Gastric pull-up with esophagectomy was performed for 19 patients (79.2%), while 5 (20.8%) underwent free jejunal graft with cervical esophagectomy.The 30-day operative mortality rate was 8.3%. During the follow-up period, complications included leakage at the anastomotic site in 9 cases (37.5%) and graft necrosis of the gastric conduit in 1 case. Progression to oral feeding was achieved in 20 patients (83.3%). Fifteen patients (62.5%) displayed tumor recurrence. The median time from surgery to recurrence was 10.5 months, and the 1-year recurrence rate was 73.3%. The 1-year and 3-year survival rates were 75% and 33.3%, respectively, with a median survival period of 17 months. Conclusion Patients with cervical esophageal cancer who underwent surgical resection faced unfavorable outcomes and relatively poor survival. The selection of cases and decision to proceed with surgery should be made cautiously, considering the risk of severe complications.

Background: Cervical esophageal cancer is a rare malignancy that requires specialized care. While definitive chemoradiation is the standard treatment approach, surgery remains a valuable option for certain patients. This study examined the surgical outcomes of patients with cervical esophageal cancer. Methods: The study involved a retrospective review and analysis of 24 patients with cervical esophageal cancer. These patients underwent surgical resection between September 1994 and December 2018. Results: The mean age of the patients was 61.0±10.2 years, and 22 (91.7%) of them were male. Furthermore, 21 patients (87.5%) had T3 or T4 tumors, and 11 (45.8%) exhibited lymph node metastasis. Gastric pull-up with esophagectomy was performed for 19 patients (79.2%), while 5 (20.8%) underwent free jejunal graft with cervical esophagectomy.The 30-day operative mortality rate was 8.3%. During the follow-up period, complications included leakage at the anastomotic site in 9 cases (37.5%) and graft necrosis of the gastric conduit in 1 case. Progression to oral feeding was achieved in 20 patients (83.3%). Fifteen patients (62.5%) displayed tumor recurrence. The median time from surgery to recurrence was 10.5 months, and the 1-year recurrence rate was 73.3%. The 1-year and 3-year survival rates were 75% and 33.3%, respectively, with a median survival period of 17 months. Conclusion Patients with cervical esophageal cancer who underwent surgical resection faced unfavorable outcomes and relatively poor survival. The selection of cases and decision to proceed with surgery should be made cautiously, considering the risk of severe complications.