The treatment strategy for children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) mainly involves medication, although research on non-pharmaceutical treatments steadily continues. Neurofeedback is considered as a nonpharmacological treatment strategy for children with ADHD. In this review, the concept and principles of neurofeedback, the electroencephalography characteristics of children with ADHD, and the background for application of neurofeedback therapy in these subjects are described. The results of the latest studies are presented, showing that neurofeedback treatment seems to be effective in improving some symptoms, and that it can be useful as a complementary treatment. However, further research is needed to investigate whether neurofeedback alone may be as effective as drug treatments.

Nonsuicidal Self-Injury(NSSI) is defined as a direct, intentional, socially unacceptable injury to one’s own body without suicidal intent. It is a major clinical and public health problem among adolescents around the world. Further, it is highly likely to be comorbid with various psychiatric disorders and is a high risk factor for suicide. In addition, NSSI may persist chronically in a number of adolescents. Therefore, appropriate and early intervention for adolescent NSSI is necessary, as adolescence is considered to be a key period for prevention and intervention. In this review, the overall characteristics and treatments of adolescent NSSI were investigated. However, there is still a lack of research on the risk factors and treatment for NSSI in adolescence. It is expected that if additional research is conducted based on previous studies, intervention and treatment, both of which are highly effective and early, will be provided to adolescents.

Objectives: Anxiety disorders are the most common psychiatric disorders in adolescents and seem to occur the earliest among all forms of psychopathology. The aim of this study was to investigate the association of anxiety severity with health risk behaviors and mental health in adolescents. Methods: Data from the 2020 Korean Youth Risk Behavior Web-Based Survey were analyzed. A total of 54948 adolescents responded to the 7-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale (GAD-7) for the assessment of their anxiety severity as well as to the mental health and health risk behavior survey. Logistic regression analysis, t tests, and variance analysis of a complex sample general linear model were used to examine the association of anxiety severity with health behaviors and mental health. Results: After statistical adjustment for sociodemographic characteristics, the subjects in the severe anxiety group were significantly more likely to be current smokers (odds ratio [OR]: 2.08, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.72–2.50), current drinkers (OR: 1.91, 95% CI:1.67–2.19), experience habitual substance use (OR: 10.89, 95% CI: 8.22–14.42), have sexual intercourse (OR: 2.10, 95% CI: 1.76–2.51), and have unprotected intercourse (OR: 2.21, 95% CI: 1.67–2.92) than those in the normal group. Anxiety severity negatively correlated with sleep satisfaction and happiness, but positively correlated with stress perception, loneliness, depressive symptoms, and suicidality. Conclusion Adolescent anxiety is associated with health risk behaviors and poor mental health. Thus, early screening and intervention for anxiety in adolescents could contribute to the management and coping of youth health risk behaviors in the community.

Objectives: Anxiety disorders are the most common psychiatric disorders in adolescents and seem to occur the earliest among all forms of psychopathology. The aim of this study was to investigate the association of anxiety severity with health risk behaviors and mental health in adolescents. Methods: Data from the 2020 Korean Youth Risk Behavior Web-Based Survey were analyzed. A total of 54948 adolescents responded to the 7-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale (GAD-7) for the assessment of their anxiety severity as well as to the mental health and health risk behavior survey. Logistic regression analysis, t tests, and variance analysis of a complex sample general linear model were used to examine the association of anxiety severity with health behaviors and mental health. Results: After statistical adjustment for sociodemographic characteristics, the subjects in the severe anxiety group were significantly more likely to be current smokers (odds ratio [OR]: 2.08, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.72–2.50), current drinkers (OR: 1.91, 95% CI:1.67–2.19), experience habitual substance use (OR: 10.89, 95% CI: 8.22–14.42), have sexual intercourse (OR: 2.10, 95% CI: 1.76–2.51), and have unprotected intercourse (OR: 2.21, 95% CI: 1.67–2.92) than those in the normal group. Anxiety severity negatively correlated with sleep satisfaction and happiness, but positively correlated with stress perception, loneliness, depressive symptoms, and suicidality. Conclusion Adolescent anxiety is associated with health risk behaviors and poor mental health. Thus, early screening and intervention for anxiety in adolescents could contribute to the management and coping of youth health risk behaviors in the community.

Purpose: The aim of this study is to evaluate the safety and efficacy of ex vivo activated and expanded natural killer (NK) cell therapy (SNK01) plus pembrolizumab in a randomized phase I/IIa clinical trial. Materials and Methods: Overall, 18 patients with advanced non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and a programmed death ligand 1 tumor proportion score of 1% or greater who had a history of failed frontline platinum-based therapy were randomized (2:1) to receive pembrolizumab every 3 weeks +/– 6 weekly infusions of SNK01 at either 2×109 or 4×109 cells per infusion (pembrolizumab monotherapy vs. SNK01 combination). The primary endpoint was safety, whereas the secondary endpoints were the objective response rate (ORR), progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival, and quality of life. Results: Since no dose-limiting toxicity was observed, the maximum tolerated dose was determined as SNK01 4×109 cells/dose. The safety data did not show any new safety signals when SNK01 was combined with pembrolizumab. The ORR and the 1-year survival rate in the NK combination group were higher than those in patients who underwent pembrolizumab monotherapy (ORR, 41.7% vs. 0%; 1-year survival rate, 66.7% vs. 50.0%). Furthermore, the median PFS was higher in the SNK01 combination group (6.2 months vs. 1.6 months, p=0.001). Conclusion Based on the findings of this study, the NK cell combination therapy may consider as a safe treatment method for stage IV NSCLC patients who had a history of failed platinum-based therapy without an increase in adverse events.