Since osteogenesis in the distraction site of the membranous bone has been well proved in histological studies, distraction osteogenesis of the craniofacial skeleton has become popular as an alternative to conventional orthognathic surgical procedures. Nowadays, mandibular distraction has been applied to balance the mandibular asymmetry in various methods. Bone distraction is not a new idea. The technique was already described by many other authors. One of the most important points of view in the distraction osteogenesis is effective elongation of hypoplastic mandible with preservation of the inferior alveolar nerve and tooth bud. From May 1997 to November 2000 we performed 15 distraction osteogenesis of mandible using our new short sagittal ramus osteotomy in patients with hemifacial microsomia. Our short sagittal ramus osteotomy could effectively lengthen the hypoplastic mandible and avoid the injury to the inferior alveolar nerve or tooth bud.
Goldenhar Syndrome* ; Humans ; Mandible* ; Mandibular Nerve ; Orthognathic Surgical Procedures ; Osteogenesis ; Osteogenesis, Distraction* ; Osteotomy* ; Skeleton ; Tooth

A type of breast cancer with a defect in three molecular markers such as the estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, and human epidermal growth factor receptor is called triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). Many patients with TNBC have a lower survival rate than patients with other types due to a poor prognosis. In this study, we confirmed the anti-cancer effect of a natural compound, Gomisin G, in TNBC cancer cells. Treatment with Gomisin G suppressed the viability of two TNBC cell lines, MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-468 but not non-TNBC cell lines such as MCF-7, T47D, and ZR75-1. To investigate the molecular mechanism of this activity, we examined the signal transduction pathways after treatment with Gomisin G in MDA-MB-231 cells. Gomisin G did not induce apoptosis but drastically inhibited AKT phosphorylation and reduced the amount of retinoblastoma tumor suppressor protein (Rb) and phosphorylated Rb. Gomisin G induced in a proteasome-dependent manner a decrease in Cyclin D1. Consequently, Gomisin G causes cell cycle arrest in the G1 phase. In contrast, there was no significant change in T47D cells except for a mild decrease in AKT phosphorylation. These results show that Gomisin G has an anti-cancer activity by suppressing proliferation rather than inducing apoptosis in TNBC cells. Our study suggests that Gomisin G could be used as a therapeutic agent in the treatment of TNBC patients.
Apoptosis ; Breast Neoplasms ; Cell Cycle ; Cell Cycle Checkpoints ; Cell Line ; Cell Proliferation ; Cyclin D1* ; Cyclins* ; Estrogens ; G1 Phase ; Humans ; Phosphorylation* ; Prognosis ; Receptor, Epidermal Growth Factor ; Receptors, Progesterone ; Retinoblastoma ; Signal Transduction ; Survival Rate ; Triple Negative Breast Neoplasms*