BACKGROUND: We compared factors associated with self-reported depression and, in particular, diagnosis and treatment of depressive symptoms in Korean adults. METHODS: The sample included 13,306 adults aged 19 years or older from the 2010 and 2011 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES V). Data were applied to the chi2 test and multivariate logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: The following characteristics of individuals are significantly associated with self-reported depression: female (vs. male, OR [odds ratio]=3.35), ages 50-59 years (vs. 60+, OR=1.45), economic status (low vs. high, OR=1.35; middle-low vs. high OR=1.29), unemployed (vs. employed, OR=1.23), education (elementary vs. college, OR=1.18; middle school vs. college, OR=1.27; vs. high school vs. college, OR=1.18), current smoking (vs. no, OR=1.19), high-risk alcohol consumption (vs. no, OR=1.18), perceived health (good vs. very good/excellent, OR=1.156; poor/fair vs. very good/excellent, OR=2.65), chronic disease (vs. no, OR=1.26), activity limitation due to health problems (vs. no, OR=1.74), and being in a sickbed during the past month (vs. not in a sickbed, OR=1.69). Living in a metropolitan area (vs. rural, OR=1.40) is significantly associated with greater odds of being diagnosed with depression. The odds of being treated for depression are lower for female (vs. male, OR=0.53). Greater odds of being treated for depression was seen for those with chronic conditions (vs. no, OR=1.73) and activity limitation due to health problems (vs. no, OR=2.05), as well as, those in a sickbed (vs. not, OR=1.88). CONCLUSIONS: Applying our findings, policy makers should address the lower rates of depression diagnosed in non-metropolitan areas to reduce regional variations, and also promote treatment in females.
Administrative Personnel ; Adult* ; Alcohol Drinking ; Chronic Disease ; Depression* ; Diagnosis* ; Education ; Female ; Humans ; Korea ; Logistic Models ; Male ; Nutrition Surveys ; Smoke ; Smoking

No abstract available.
Female ; Mammaplasty*

OBJECTIVE: This survey assessed the prevalence and type of sexual dysfunction in middle-aged women regarding sexually related personal distress and examined the prevalence of perceived sexual dysfunction and perceived partners' dysfunction by women. METHODS: One-hundred ten healthy community-based middle-aged women participated voluntarily, and validated question- naires of the Female Sexual Function Index(FSFI) and the Female Sexual Distress Score(FSDS) were used. RESULTS: The percentage of women having sexual dysfunction and sexual distress were 67% and 32% respectively according to the cut-off of FSFI and FSDS. The average score of FSFI was 23.5(s.d.=5.7), which was lower than the cut-off of FSFI, while the average score of FSDS was 13.2, which was in range of a normal score. When considering the two concepts simultaneously, the women were categorized into 4 groups: sexually stressed dysfunction group (24.8%), sexually depressed group(42.2%), sexually healthy group(25.7%), and sexually hyperactive group (7.3%). The percentage of women reporting sexual problems was 24.3%, while the percentage of women reporting sexual dysfunction in their partner was 29.9%. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate a high rate of sexual dysfunction and sexual distress in middle-aged women. However, considering the relationships between sexual dysfunction and sexual distress, almost two thirds were in the sexually depressed group among the women having sexual dysfunction.
Female ; Humans ; Middle Aged ; Prevalence

No abstract available.
Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel* ; Immunoblotting* ; Korea* ; Rickettsia typhi* ; Rickettsia*

Acetylcholine is one of the major neurotransmitters in visual system of rats. Cholinergic, serotonergic and gamma-aminobutyric acid(GABA) ergic projections are known as modulators of visual processing. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of unilateral orbital enucleation on the amount of acetylcholine and its receptor bindings in dorsolateral geniculate body, superior colliculus and visual cortex of rats, and on motor activites. The amount of acetylcholine was measured by gas chromatography; whereas [3H]quinuclidinyl benzilate(QNB) bindings to muscarinic receptors were examined by autoradiography. Motor activity was measured by activity meter for 24 hours. The results of this study were as follows: 1. The amount of acetylcholine in superior colliculus significantly increased at 1 week after enucleation, but it decreased at 2 and 4 weeks after enucleation. In visual cortex, the amount of acetylcholine did not change at 1 week after enucleation, but it significantly decreased at 2 and 4 weeks after enucleation. 2. After enucleation, [3H]-QNB binding to muscarinic receptors gradually decreased over the 4 weeks in dorsolateral geniculate body, superior colliculus and visual cortex. 3. Locomotor activity of rats did not show any change at 1 week after enucleat ion, but it decreased at 2 and 4 weeks after enucleation. In conclusion, unilateral orbital enucleation resulted in a reduction in the amount of acetylcholine and muscarinic receptors in rat visual system, which was speculated to be a major cause of a decrease in physical activity.
Acetylcholine* ; Animals ; Autoradiography ; Chromatography, Gas ; Motor Activity* ; Neurotransmitter Agents ; Orbit* ; Rats* ; Receptors, Muscarinic* ; Superior Colliculi ; Visual Cortex ; Visual Pathways*

OBJECTIVES: This study explored the reuse of data captured by nurses to support nursing decisions related to pressure-ulcer care. METHODS: To examine the existence of coded data in an electronic nursing record system for the identified concepts, we used the electronic nursing documents of a teaching hospital in Gyeonggi-Do, in Korea. A surgical intensive care unit (SICU) was selected as the test unit due to the high incidence of pressure ulcers. The concepts were identified from literature review and refined through the involvement of staff nurses. RESULTS: We found that 93.4% of the necessary concepts were matched semantically with data items at the input level of the electronic medical record system. Eighteen concepts (60%) were directly matched with the data variables of structured electronic nursing records. Five concepts (16.7%) were matched into more than two items. Including the standard nursing statements coded in Nurses' notes, five concepts were mapped more. CONCLUSIONS: More than 90% of the concepts were matched successfully, which suggests that the secondary use of the routine data collected in an EMR system could be used to develop an automated risk assessment tool for pressure ulcers.
Electronic Health Records ; Electronics ; Electrons ; Hospitals, Teaching ; Incidence ; Critical Care ; Korea ; Medical Records Systems, Computerized ; Nursing Records ; Pressure Ulcer ; Risk Assessment

No abstract available.
Antibodies* ; Blood Donors* ; Chemistry* ; Chlamydia* ; Chlamydophila pneumoniae* ; Humans ; Mycoplasma pneumoniae* ; Mycoplasma* ; Pneumonia, Mycoplasma* ; Prevalence*

BACKGROUND: Currently in Korea, the blood supply for transfusion is almost covered by whole blood donation. But, because the number of participants of the plasmapheresis is limited, the supply of plasma for the production of plasma fractionations depends on a considerable amount of plasma imported. For this reason, a facilitation of plasmapheresis is in an urgent need via stable donors' participation. This survey research was conducted to improve services for donors based on their sound understandings on plasmapheresis. METHOD: The subjects were 1,132 donors who participated plasmapheresis between August and September of 1996 and agreed on the research purposes. RESULTS: Students and employees under 30 years old composed the major part of those who participated in plasmapheresis in major metropolitan areas including Seoul. The gender distribution was about 6:4. Most of the donors had a voluntary motivation to help others, but 47% of them did not know that blood donation is not related to HIV infection. Subjects responded that the environment for plasmapheresis was satisfacftory (92%). Factors that were related to unsatisfactory experience included boredom while pheresis (30%), scared feeling for the pain at the site of injection (28%), and uncomfortable feeling of blood flow (18%). 76% of the donors responded that they will participate in the plasmapheresis again, and the correlation between the level of satisfaction and intention of repeated participation was significant (p<0.01). Reasons for the refusal of repeated participation included the length of pheresis time (52%) and the pain at the site of injection (19%). 82% of the subjects thought the nurses were kind and 18% thought they were moderately kind. While 62% of the subjects who thought nurses were kind expressed their intention to participate in apheresis, while 59% of the subjects who thought the kindness was moderate said that they will not participate in apheresis. The correlation between the kindness of nurses and the level of understandig about plasmapheresis, and the level of uncomfortableness, and intention for repetitive participation were all significant (p<0.01). CONCLUSION: Based on our survey we could concluded that the followings are of great importance for the facilitation of plasmapheresis: continual promotion for the lack of relationship between blood donation and HIV infection, kindly explanation of palsmapheresis by nurses, nurses' skillful operation of plasmapheresis, improvement of audio-visual environment in order not to make donors boring during aphresis.
Adult ; Blood Component Removal ; Blood Donors ; Boredom ; Disulfiram ; HIV Infections ; Humans ; Intention ; Korea ; Motivation ; Plasma ; Plasmapheresis* ; Seoul ; Tissue Donors* ; Volunteers*

The term malignant mesenchymoma has been applied to those tumors of the soft tissue of mesenchymal origin which are composed of tumor cells differentiating into two or more unrelated malignant forms in addition to the fibrosarcomatous element. Recently authors experienced a case of malignant mesenchymoma in the right axillary area. Microscopically the sarcoma revealed multiple pattern of differentiation, including liposarcoma, malignant schwannoma, fibrosarcoma, malignant fibrous histiocytoma and rhabdomyoblastoma. The presence of rhabdomyblastic cells were proved by immunochemical study utilizing desmin. This patient was treated with surgical excision and radiation.

Air pollution in the traffic areas in Seoul during the winter season was studied. The average level of sulfur dioxide concentration was 0.24 ppm through the day. Lowest was 0.14 ppm at 2~4 P.M. when the highest vertical temperature gradient was indicated, and 0.33~0.29 ppm during 10 P.M. to 8 A.M. at night. Average level of dust was 4.65 mppcf (2.1~12.8 mppcf) and higher levels were shown at 10 A.M., 6 P.M. and 10 P.M. as 5.44, 4.73 and 5.01 mppcf respectively. The noise level in the main traffic areas was 73.5 db in the average during this survey, 75.1 db in the daytime and 65.6 db in the night (11 P.M. ~7 A.M.) in the average. Various air pollutants in auto-exhaust gases and noise of automobiles were studied, since those are main sources of nuisance in the traffic areas. Carbon monoxide in the "Corona" taxi, formaldehyde in the jeep, and carbon monoxide, formaldehyde and sulfur dioxide in the "Senara" taxi were measured respectively in high concentration and there was no significant difference in other gases among the various type of vehides. As regards average Overall noise level at ordinary driving speeds, heavy vehicles emitted much more noise (30 KPH) (82.2~83.5 db) than light vehicles such as taxi (40~5O KPH) (71.5-80.2 db). The noise level when starting heavy vehicles was higher 88.5 db(94.2 phon) on the average and that of light vehicles was lower 69.4 db (76.2 phon). There were two types of automobile horn noise in the octave band; one was in 1,000 cps and the other 2,000~4,000cps. The average horn noise level of automobiles was 98 db (107.8 phon), with 106 db (11.05 phon) maximum and 88.8db (99.5 phon) minimum. In the epidemiological study of CO poisoning in urban areas, there were 260 deaths out of 532 patients in 201 incidents of poisoning occurring on a total of 128 days during January 1964 to Dec. 1966. The concentration of co in the main living rooms and kitchens was detected as 58 and 112 ppm respectively, and the level of carboxyl-hemoglobin in the blood of housewives was relatively high, 11.2% on the average. In outside air maximal concentration of CO was 80 ppm in Shinchon-Dong an urban area.
*Air Pollution ; Korea ; *Noise