No abstract available.
Carbamazepine* ; Haloperidol*

No abstract available.
Animals ; Burns* ; Lymphocyte Subsets* ; Lymphocytes* ; Mice* ; Spleen* ; Thymus Gland*

No abstract available.
Silicones* ; Transplants*

No abstract available.
Bacteria, Anaerobic*

Injury to a peripheral nerve due to a drug injection is of particular concern, because of both its clinical and medicolegal implications. Among numerous agents, local anesthetic solutions are most frequently injected near the main nerve trunks. In spite of the low incidence of nerve fiber injury associated with these local anesthetic agents, there are several clinical reports of injury. The author experimentally induced injection injury into the rat sciatic nerve with 2% lidocaine HCL and 0.5% bupivacaine. The neurotoxicity of these agents to the peripheral nerve was observed by light and electron microscope. The results are as follows: 1) Some inflammatory round cells and vasodilation were observed in the surrounding loose areolar tissues immediately after injection. No fibroblast or fibrosis was observed on light and electron microscopic examinations. 2) Immediately after injection, the axons were seperated by the splitting of the collagen fibers between the axons. But within one week, the collagen fibers were reunited and compacted. 3) Most cytoplasmic organelles of the axon, including the microtubules and micro filaments, were quite normal and were not altered by injection injury. But the shape of the axon was changed and shrinked to create a large space from the myelin sheath. The above change returned to normal within one week. 4) The Schwann cells, maintained the normal structure of their cytoplasm and nucleus, but some Schwann cells were seperated from the axons, and floated in the collagen tissue. They were reunited with the axons within one week. 5) There were no significant histologic differences between lidocaine and bupivacaine. 6) The above changes were easily reversible and not severe enough to interfere with nerve function permanently. In conclusion, local injection of these agents is very safe to the peripheral nerve.
Anesthetics ; Animals ; Axons ; Bupivacaine ; Collagen ; Cytoplasm ; Fibroblasts ; Fibrosis ; Incidence ; Lidocaine ; Microtubules ; Myelin Sheath ; Nerve Fibers ; Organelles ; Peripheral Nerves* ; Rats ; Schwann Cells ; Sciatic Nerve ; Vasodilation

This study was aimed to investigate the effects of indomethacin on physiologic root resorption and to examine the dental pulp and tissue changes around the resorbing teeth. 13-14 week old six mongrel dogs were divided into 3 groups; two experimental groups administered indomethacin 2 mg/kg/day and 8 mg/kg/day orally two times a day for 14 days respectively, and control group administered a placebo. The deciduous incisors showing root resorption were selected, fixed for 24 hrs in 10% formalin solution, demineralized in 10% EDTA solution, invested in paraffin and sectioned in 5 micrometer thick sections. The preparations were stained with H and E staining and Masson's trichrome staining and examined under the light microscope. Observation revealed that deciduous root resorbing tissue resembles inflammatory tissue and accompanies bone remodelling. The dental pulp was normal except the area near root resorption, well organized columnar odontoblasts layer under the predentin, and the odontoblasts near root resorption were cuboidal or flat cells in the disrupted layer under the predentin. Indomethacin administered group showed a partial decrease in the number of odontoclasts and nucleus. But there was no sign of pulp change by indomethacin. These results suggest that indomethacin inhibits recruitment of odontoclasts partially and that of osteoclasts more, and so when it is administered for long periods, deciduous root resorption can be delayed and eruption of the successor can be delayed for a short period.
Animals ; Dental Pulp ; Dogs* ; Edetic Acid ; Formaldehyde ; Incisor ; Indomethacin* ; Odontoblasts ; Osteoclasts ; Paraffin ; Root Resorption* ; Tooth ; Tooth, Deciduous*

PURPOSE: To determine the activity and toxicities of PEF (Cisplatin, Etoposide, 5-Fluorouracil) chemotherapy for stomach cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients with previously untreated metastatic stomach cancer were treated with PEF regimen which consisted of cisplatin (20 mg/m2 i.v. days 1~5), etoposide (100 mg/m2 i.v. days 1, 3, 5), and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)(800 mg/m2 i.v. infusion for 12 hours days 1~5). Chemotherapy was repeated every 3 weeks until disease progressed or toxicities were intolerable. RESULTS: Between May 1989 and July 1990, 40 patients were enrolled in this protocol. Twelve patients were lost to follow up after one cycle of chemotherapy and inevaluable. After 2~8 cycles (median 3) of chemotherapy, 20 out of 28 evaluable patients showed objective responses without any complete response, making the response rate 71% (95% confidence interval: 54~89%). The responses lasted from 4+ to 39 weeks (median: 38 weeks). The overall survival of total evaluable patients was 4+ ~50+ weeks (median 38 weeks). Among total 109 cycles of chemotherapy, cycles were delayed or doses were reduced in 48 cycles (44%) because of leukopenia (in 61 cycles: 56%) and/or thrombocytopenia (in 14 cycles: 13%). However, there was no treatment-related death. Nausea/vomiting and alopecia were experienced in most of patients. The stomatitis was experienced in 7 patients (25%) but completely reversible. In contrast, the peripheral neuropathy which developed in 4 patients (14%) after 5 cycles of chemotherapy was not reversible. CONCLUSION: The PEF regimen was active and tolerable in stomach cancer.
Alopecia ; Cisplatin ; Drug Therapy* ; Etoposide* ; Fluorouracil* ; Humans ; Leukopenia ; Lost to Follow-Up ; Peripheral Nervous System Diseases ; Stomach Neoplasms* ; Stomach* ; Stomatitis ; Thrombocytopenia

PURPOSE: The distal clavicle has a biomechanical structure different from that of the proximal or middle 1/3 clavicle, and delayed union or nonunion occurs frequently in a distal clavicle fracture. The authors obtained favorable results from an open reduction and bone grafting of the distal clavicle nonunion. We report the results together with review of the relevant literature. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The subjects were 8 patients (average age, 38.9) who had undergone surgery for distal clavicle nonunion from August 2003 to May 2006. Nonunion occurred after surgical treatment in 4 cases, and after conservative treatment in the other 4. In all cases, the patients complained of pain. RESULTS: The mean follow-up duration was 14 months, and radiological union was observed in 8 weeks on average. In all cases, the range of shoulder joint motion was normal at the end of the follow-up observation. In the functional evaluation, 7 cases showed excellent results and 1 case showed good results. CONCLUSION: Surgical treatment is a safe and reliable treatment for distal clavicle fracture nonunion because it can achieve early rehabilitation and union.
Bone Transplantation ; Clavicle* ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Rehabilitation ; Shoulder Joint

Recently, interest has been increased on the role of catecholamines in extrarenal potassium homeostasis. This study has undertaken to investigate the effects of epinephrine added to lidocaine for axillary block in HR, MAP, ABG, blood sugar and electrolytes (Na+, K+), and the effects of propranolol, beta-adrenergic blocker, on the data. The patients admitted to our hospital for operation of upper extremities were divided into three groups. Group I was 10 patients blocked with lidocaine 30 ml. Group II was 14 patients blocked with lidocaine 30 ml with epinephrine 0.3 mg(1:100,000). Group III was 10 patients pretreated with propranolol (10u/kg) and blocked with lidocaine 30 ml with epinephrine. After block, the results were as follows. 1) MAP decreased in all group and group III decreased more than group I. 2) HR increased all group and group III decreased more than group I. 3) ABG showed hypoventilatory pattern due to sedative effect by diazepam (0.15mg/kg). 4) Blood sugar value was increased in group I and II, showed increasing tendency in group III, but this tendency was not significant. 5) Blood K+ concentration decreased significantly and the maximal decrease was 0.5 mEq/L in 30 min after block, but there was not significant decrease in group III. This results indicate that clinical dose of epinephrine(1;100,000) decrease blood K+ concentration significantly and propranolol (10u/kg) pretreatment prevent K+ decreasing effect of epinephrine. In clinical practice, it is suggested that much care must be paid to use of local anesthetics with epinephrine to hypokalemic patients.
Anesthetics, Local ; Blood Glucose ; Brachial Plexus* ; Catecholamines ; Diazepam ; Electrolytes ; Epinephrine* ; Homeostasis ; Humans ; Hypnotics and Sedatives ; Lidocaine* ; Potassium ; Propranolol* ; Upper Extremity

Recently, interest has been increased on the role of catecholamines in extrarenal potassium homeostasis. This study has undertaken to investigate the effects of epinephrine added to lidocaine for axillary block in HR, MAP, ABG, blood sugar and electrolytes (Na+, K+), and the effects of propranolol, beta-adrenergic blocker, on the data. The patients admitted to our hospital for operation of upper extremities were divided into three groups. Group I was 10 patients blocked with lidocaine 30 ml. Group II was 14 patients blocked with lidocaine 30 ml with epinephrine 0.3 mg(1:100,000). Group III was 10 patients pretreated with propranolol (10u/kg) and blocked with lidocaine 30 ml with epinephrine. After block, the results were as follows. 1) MAP decreased in all group and group III decreased more than group I. 2) HR increased all group and group III decreased more than group I. 3) ABG showed hypoventilatory pattern due to sedative effect by diazepam (0.15mg/kg). 4) Blood sugar value was increased in group I and II, showed increasing tendency in group III, but this tendency was not significant. 5) Blood K+ concentration decreased significantly and the maximal decrease was 0.5 mEq/L in 30 min after block, but there was not significant decrease in group III. This results indicate that clinical dose of epinephrine(1;100,000) decrease blood K+ concentration significantly and propranolol (10u/kg) pretreatment prevent K+ decreasing effect of epinephrine. In clinical practice, it is suggested that much care must be paid to use of local anesthetics with epinephrine to hypokalemic patients.
Anesthetics, Local ; Blood Glucose ; Brachial Plexus* ; Catecholamines ; Diazepam ; Electrolytes ; Epinephrine* ; Homeostasis ; Humans ; Hypnotics and Sedatives ; Lidocaine* ; Potassium ; Propranolol* ; Upper Extremity