Consumption of foods with high energy and low nutrient values has been linked to various health issues including obesity and chronic diseases. This study investigated the high-energy/low-nutrient food consumption status and its relationship with obesity status and intake of energy and nutrients, using the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) and the Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey (KYRBWS). The prevalence of overweight and obesity among 2-18 year-olds was 8.4% and 10.8% in 2008 and 8.5% and 9.0% in 2009, respectively, in KNHANES. The prevalence of obesity among 12-18 year-olds was 13.9% in 2008 and 11.4% in 2009 in KNHANES, while it was 8.1% in 2008 and 8.2% in 2009 in KYRBWS. Consumption patterns of high-energy/low-nutrient foods were diverse depending on the particular food type. High-energy/low-nutrient foods such as cookies were most often consumed more frequently (2~3 times per week), but fast food type foods were generally consumed less frequently (once per week or less). No significant relationships between high-energy/low-nutrient food consumption and level of energy and nutrient intakes were found in either datasets. Adolescents who were not obese more frequently consumed ramen (p < 0.001), cookies (p < 0.001) and fast food (p < 0.001) than those who were obese in KYRBWS, however, such relationships were not found in KNHANES. This direction of the relationship could be probably attributed to the cross-sectional nature of the datasets. This study was limited by the cross-sectional nature of the data, therefore, further longitudinal research using various study techniques would be necessary to understand the effects of high-energy/low-nutrient foods on child obesity.
Adolescent ; Child ; Chronic Disease ; Fast Foods ; Humans ; Korea ; Nutrition Surveys ; Obesity ; Overweight ; Prevalence ; Risk-Taking

PURPOSE: To evaluate the therapeutic effect of topical testosterone gel application to periocular area in dry eye. METHODS: Thirty-four eyes of 17 patients with refractory dry eye were included. Five patients had Sjogren's syndrome and 12 were non-Sjogren's syndrome patients. Testosterone gel was applied on the periocular area three times a day. Symptom score corneal sensitivity test (CST), tear film break-up time (BUT), basal tear secretion test (BST), fluorescein staining, tear clearance test (TCR), and conjunctival impression cytology were checked and evaluated before, one month after and two months after treatment. RESULTS: The mean symptom score before topical testosterone gel application was 3.44+/-0.70; it was 2.88+/-0.84 at 1 month after application and 2.03+/-1.09 at 2 months after application. The improvement of tear film parameters including BUT, tear clearance rate, fluorescein staining score, conjunctival metaplasia and goblet cell density was statistically significant (P<0.05) at one and two months after treatment but neither BST nor CST was improved with statistically significance. There was no difference in the therapeutic effect of topical testosterone gel between Sjogren's syndrome and non-Sjogren's dry eye patients. CONCLUSIONS: The function of tear film and the integrity of ocular surface improved after topical application of testosterone gel in dry eye patients. Topical testosterone gel application may be an effective adjuvant therapy for the treatment of dry eye.
Dry Eye Syndromes* ; Fluorescein ; Goblet Cells ; Humans ; Metaplasia ; Sjogren's Syndrome ; Tears ; Testosterone*

PURPOSE: To evaluate the application of MRI to the ILAE classification of epilepsies and epileptic syndromes in the setting of epilepsy clinic. METHODS: We reviewed epilepsy registry forms, EEG, and MRI of 300 patients who were consecutively registered to the Yonsei Epilepsy Clinic. The algorhithm of syndromic classification consisted of 3 steps ; 1) clinical diagnosis based on the clinical informations described in the registry form, 2) clinical-EEG correlations, and 3) clinical-EEG-MRI correlations. The interictal epileptiform discharges (IEDs) in EEG were divided into focal, multilobar/multifocal, and generalized. MRI-lesions were divided into focal and non-focal (multilobar/multifocal, and diffuse) lesions. The clinical-EEG, EEG-MRI, and MRI-clinical correlations were categorized as concordant, not discordant, and discordant. RESULTS: Among 300 patients evaluated, 249 patients were found to have epilepsies and both EEG and MRI. By clinical analysis, 190 of 249 patients were diagnosed as localization-related epilepsies (LRE), 24 patients were generalized epilepsies (GE), 34 patients were undetermined epilepsies (UDE), and one patient had alcohol related epilepsy. EEG revealed IEDs in 124 patients and altered the clinical diagnosis in 79 patients. MRI lesions were found in 106 patients with focal lesions in 65 patients and non-focal lesions in 41 patients. MRI lesions were found in 47 of 125 patients with negative EEG. Concordance rates of clinical-EEG, EEG-MRI, and MRI-clinical correlations in 54 patients with lobar epilepsies, who had positive EEG and MRI, were 39%, 54%, and 52%, respectively, and discordant rates were 17%, 11% and 7%, respectively. The complete concordance of all 3 correlations was found in only 33% of them. In 20 patients diagnosed as GE by clinical-EEG correlations, MRI lesions were found in only 3 patients and none of them changed the diagnostic categories due to MRI lesions. CONCLUSION: In lobar epilepsies, the sensitivity of MRI was quite comparable with EEG and the clinical-MRI correlation was superior to the clinical-EEG correlations. MRI provided additional and complimentary informations and should be incorporated to the ILAE-classification system as the category of 'lesional epilepsy'.
Classification ; Diagnosis* ; Electroencephalography ; Epilepsies, Partial ; Epilepsy* ; Epilepsy, Generalized ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging*

PURPOSE: To evaluate the therapeutic effect of umbilical cord serum in the treatment of persistent epithelial defect of the cornea. METHODS: Fourteen eyes of 14 patients with persistent epithelial defect that had persisted for at least 2 weeks despite conventional treatment were treated with 20% umbilical cord serum eyedrops six times a day. The images of the epithelial defects were captured using a camera attached to a slit lamp biomicroscope and the areas of the epithelial defects were calculated. Treatment was considered effective for epithelial defect healing within 2 weeks, partially effective for healing within 2 to 4 weeks, and ineffective for healing requiring either more than 1 month or additional measures. RESULTS: Mean duration of epithelial defect before treatment was 7.2+/-6.3 weeks, and mean area was 7.86+/-7.32 mm2. Umbilical cord serum therapy was effective in 6 eyes (42.9%), partially effective in 6 (42.9%), and ineffective in 2 (14.2%). Nevertheless, the epithelial defects in both the ineffective eyes were eventually healed within 8 weeks. Mean healing time in effective or partially effective cases was 2.75+/-1.06 weeks. CONCLUSIONS: The use of umbilical cord serum eyedrops for the treatment of persistent epithelial defect is effective.
Treatment Outcome ; *Ophthalmic Solutions ; Middle Aged ; Male ; Humans ; *Fetal Blood ; Female ; *Epithelium, Corneal ; Corneal Diseases/*therapy ; Aged ; Adult

BACKGROUND: Acute renal allograft rejection is not only risk factor of chronic rejection but is also a significant cause of graft loss and patient death. MMF has been shown to reduce the incidence and severity of acute rejection. METHODS: To compare the risk of acute rejection and side effects of MMF with azathioprine(AZA), a total of 108 patients, who received living transplants, were divided in two groups : MMF(n=48) and AZA group(n=60). Cyclosporin microemulsion(Neoral) and steroid were administered concomitantly to all patients. RESULTS: The MMF group was significantly lower rate of acute rejection compared with AZA group during the first 3 months after renal transplantation(14.6% vs 30.0%, p=0.005). 54.5% of patients in the MMF group and 44% in the AZA group were treated only with steroid pulsing for acue rejection. 45.5% in the MMF group, compared to 56% in the AZA group, required OKT3 or Atgam for treatment of severe acute rejection, the difference is not significant. Treatment failure occurred among 31.3% of the MMF group compared with 55% in the AZA group(p=0.013). Serum creatinine of 6 months after transplantation was significantly lower in the MMF group than in the others(1.31+/-.27 vs 1.50+/-.28 mg/dL, p=0.017). The incidence of opportunistic infection was similar in both groups. Gastrointestinal side effects were more common in the MMF group 14.6% than in the AZA group 3.3%(p=0.035), while leukopenia was more common in the AZA group 21.7% than in the MMF group 4.3%(p=0.017). CONCLUSION: MMF reduced the incidence of acute rejection without notable side effects. Long-term follow up will be needed to establish the protective effect of MMF against immunological attack.
Allografts ; Antilymphocyte Serum ; Azathioprine* ; Creatinine ; Cyclosporine ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Incidence ; Kidney Transplantation* ; Leukopenia ; Muromonab-CD3 ; Opportunistic Infections ; Risk Factors ; Transplants ; Treatment Failure

PURPOSE: Pressure sore wound develops inevitably in long-term, immobilized and hospitalized patients. Sore wound infection is common problem and makes healing process difficult. We aimed to identify the pathogens of the purulent discharge in sore wound and to obtain information for appropriate antibiotics through a sensitivity test METHODS: The bacteriologic study was made on 120 cases of patients who admitted or visited our hospital from 2004 January to 2005 December for sore wound treatment. Culture material was collected in BBL transport media with cotton swab and cultured by MacConkey agar plate. The method of MIC by VITEK and Microscan was used for sensitivity test. RESULTS: Among 120 specimens, organisms were isolated from 77(64.2%) cases. Gram positive organisms were cultured in 73 specimens, Gram negative organisms in 46 specemens, and fungi in 2 specimens. Mixed infection by Gram (+) and Gram (-) bacteria were observed in 34 specimens. Among them, S. aureus was the most common isolate in 24(31.2%) patients and 10 (13.0%) S. Aureus isolates were MRSA. The most prevalent Gram-negative organism was Escherichia coli in 20 patients(25.9%). Vancomycin and teicoplanin showed highest sensitivity to Gram-positive organisms and imipenem and amikacin to Gram-negative organisms. CONCLUSION: Pressure sore wound demands consideration of multimodal therapeutic aspects and these findings would be useful informations to physicians, nurses and clinical assistants in understanding the nature of sore wound and selecting appropriate antibiotics.
Agar ; Amikacin ; Anti-Bacterial Agents* ; Bacteria ; Bacteriology* ; Coinfection ; Escherichia coli ; Fungi ; Humans ; Imipenem ; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus ; Pressure Ulcer* ; Teicoplanin ; Vancomycin ; Wound Infection ; Wounds and Injuries

PURPOSE: Pressure sore wound develops inevitably in long-term, immobilized and hospitalized patients. Sore wound infection is common problem and makes healing process difficult. We aimed to identify the pathogens of the purulent discharge in sore wound and to obtain information for appropriate antibiotics through a sensitivity test METHODS: The bacteriologic study was made on 120 cases of patients who admitted or visited our hospital from 2004 January to 2005 December for sore wound treatment. Culture material was collected in BBL transport media with cotton swab and cultured by MacConkey agar plate. The method of MIC by VITEK and Microscan was used for sensitivity test. RESULTS: Among 120 specimens, organisms were isolated from 77(64.2%) cases. Gram positive organisms were cultured in 73 specimens, Gram negative organisms in 46 specemens, and fungi in 2 specimens. Mixed infection by Gram (+) and Gram (-) bacteria were observed in 34 specimens. Among them, S. aureus was the most common isolate in 24(31.2%) patients and 10 (13.0%) S. Aureus isolates were MRSA. The most prevalent Gram-negative organism was Escherichia coli in 20 patients(25.9%). Vancomycin and teicoplanin showed highest sensitivity to Gram-positive organisms and imipenem and amikacin to Gram-negative organisms. CONCLUSION: Pressure sore wound demands consideration of multimodal therapeutic aspects and these findings would be useful informations to physicians, nurses and clinical assistants in understanding the nature of sore wound and selecting appropriate antibiotics.
Agar ; Amikacin ; Anti-Bacterial Agents* ; Bacteria ; Bacteriology* ; Coinfection ; Escherichia coli ; Fungi ; Humans ; Imipenem ; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus ; Pressure Ulcer* ; Teicoplanin ; Vancomycin ; Wound Infection ; Wounds and Injuries

PURPOSE: To investigate the efficacy of fibrin glue for conjunctival autotransplantation in pterygium. METHODS: Forty eyes of 32 patients who underwent conjunctival autotransplantation for primary pterygium with a minimum follow-up period of 6 months were included. Postopertive pain, foreign body sensation, tearing, subconjunctival hemorrhage, surgery time, complication, and recurrence were evaluated prospectively in 20 eyes of 15 patients undergoing surgery with fibrin glue, and in 20 eyes of 17 patients undergoing surgery with sutures. RESULTS: One day postoperative, the scores of pain (P<0.01), foreign body sensation (P<0.01), tearing (P<0.01), and subconjunctival hemorrhage (P=0.01) were significantly lower in the fibrin glue group than in the suture group. One week postoperative, the scores of foreign body sensation (P=0.01) and tearing (P=0.01) were significantly lower in the fibrin glue group than in the suture group. Mean surgery time in the fibrin glue group (18 8 minutes) was significantly shorter than in the sutures group (32 11 minutes) (P<0.01). There was no significant difference in the recurrence rates of the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: Use of fibrin glue for conjunctival autotransplantation in pterygium can reduce postoperative discomfort and required surgical time.
Autografts* ; Fibrin Tissue Adhesive* ; Fibrin* ; Follow-Up Studies ; Foreign Bodies ; Hemorrhage ; Humans ; Operative Time ; Prospective Studies ; Pterygium* ; Recurrence ; Sensation ; Sutures

A 42-year-old male was referred to our pain clinic with back pain. Four years ago, he was treated for back pain caused by falling down injury. He also complained of erectile dysfunction, which was regarded as having psychologic origin at other departments. He had grade IV leg weakness and left lower thoracic paravertebral tenderness. Thoracic CT, plane X-ray and whole body bone scan revealed normal findings. After diagnostic medial branch block at lower thoracic vertebra, pain was subsided partially, but erectile dysfunction persisted. Due to persistent symptoms, we ordered MRI, and the extramedullary mass at T9 level was found. He had undergone neurosurgical operation for tumor removal, and pathologic finding was Schwannoma. After the operation his symptoms improved completely. Although erectile dysfunctions are presumed to have psychologic origin frequently, we report a patient whose symptoms were from the spinal cord tumor.
Adult ; Back Pain ; Erectile Dysfunction ; Humans ; Leg ; Male ; Neurilemmoma ; Pain Clinics ; Spinal Cord Neoplasms ; Spine

PURPOSE: To review the recent changes in the clinical features of ocular trauma in pediatric patients younger than 15 years of age. METHODS: We performed a retrospective study using clinical records of 147 patients from 1993 to 1998, and those of 175 pediatric patients younger than 15 years old from 2003 to 2007. RESULTS: The most common cause of pediatric ocular trauma in the 2000's was fist blow (66 patients, 37.7%), while that in the 1990's was trauma by stick or branch (20 patients, 13.6%) (p < 0.001). The number of patients with perforating ocular trauma decreased to 25 patients (14.3%) in the 2000's, from 55 patients (37.4%) in the 1990's (p < 0.001). The number of patients who received surgery due to ocular trauma was 87 (59.2%) in the 1990's, decreasing to 53 (30.3%) in the 2000's (p < 0.001). The number of orbital wall reconstructions increased from 6 patients (6.9%) in the 1990's to 20 patients (37.7%) in the 2000's, a statistically significant increase (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Perforating ocular trauma decreased in children in the studied age range, but non-perforating injuries caused by fist blow were increased in the years studied. These results indicate that management or establishment of preventive for pediatric violence will be helpful to lower the frequency of pediatric ocular traumas.
Child ; Eye ; Humans ; Orbit ; Retrospective Studies ; Violence