This study was aimed to elucidate the relationship between combinations of treadmill speed-grade and oxygen consumption(Vo2). Twenty athetic and 20 non-athletic male college students aged 19-24yr were employed to exercise on a treadmill using 4 speeds(4.02, 5.47, 6.76 and 8.05km/h) and 5 grades(0, 8, 12, 16 and 20%). A fixed speed was selected for each session with the grade increased every 3 min. The Vo2, heart rate, stride frequency and stride length were measured during the last min of each 3-min stage. Vo2increased linearly with increasing speed and grade showing significant multiple correlations in nonathletes(Vo2=3.64x+0.831y+0.031xy-7.03, R=0.98, P<0.01) and athletes(Vo2=3.48x+0.324y+0.112xy-5.74, R=0.99, P<0.01). Stride frequency and length tended to increase with increasing speed except for the transition from walking to runnig at 8.05Km/h at which the stride frequency ran up much higher with the stride length getting lower than at 6.76Km/h. Heart rate increased linearly with increasing Vo2. The rate of increase was higher during walking than during running. These results indicate that athletes have higher rate of increase in Vo2than nonathletes at near-maximal exercise and may be used as a guideline in predicting maximum oxygen comsumption and in prescribing exercise intensity.
Athletes* ; Heart Rate ; Humans ; Male ; Oxygen Consumption* ; Oxygen* ; Running ; Walking

PURPOSE: To investigate the effect of estrogen on the expression of calcium-activated potassium (KCa) channels in an overactive bladder rat model. To this end, mRNA and protein levels of KCa channel subtypes in the bladder of ovariectomized rats were measured by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and western blotting, respectively. METHODS: Ten-week-old female Sprague-Dawley rats were divided randomly into 3 groups: sham-operated control group (n=11), ovariectomy group (n=11), and the group treated with estrogen after ovariectomy (n=12). Rats in the last group were subcutaneously injected with 17β-estradiol (50 µg/kg) every other day for 2 weeks, whereas rats in the other 2 groups received vehicle (soybean oil) alone. Two weeks after treatment, the whole bladder was excised for mRNA and protein measurements. RESULTS: Protein levels of the large-conductance KCa (BK) channels in the ovariectomy group were 1.5 folds higher than those in the sham-operated control group. However, the protein levels of the other KCa channel subtypes did not change significantly upon bilateral ovariectomy. Treatment with 17β-estradiol after ovariectomy restored BK channel protein levels to the control value. In contrast, BK channel mRNA levels were not significantly affected by either ovariectomy alone or 17β-estradiol treatment. The small-conductance KCa type 3 channel (SK3) mRNA and protein levels decreased to 75% of control levels upon 17β-estradiol treatment. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that 17β-estradiol may influence urinary bladder function by modulating BK and SK3 channel expression.
Animals ; Blotting, Western ; Estrogens ; Female ; Humans ; Models, Animal ; Ovariectomy ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Potassium ; Potassium Channels, Calcium-Activated* ; Rats* ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Reverse Transcription ; RNA, Messenger ; Urinary Bladder* ; Urinary Bladder, Overactive

No abstract available.
Animals ; Cricetinae* ; Mice*

No abstract available.
Emergencies* ; Humans ; Prospective Studies*

No abstract available.
Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome*

Anatomy of the pancreaticobiliary ductal system is so variable that one should think of its normal anatomy as nonexistent. But exact location of the termination of the common bile duct in important to the biliary surgeon when performing transduodenal exploration of the common bile duct, to the physician and radiologist when diagnosing pancreaticobilijary disease by ERCP. We report a case of Lnomalous termination of the common bile duct into thii. duadenal bulb diagnosed by ERCP and operative cholangiogram.
Cholangiopancreatography, Endoscopic Retrograde ; Common Bile Duct*

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to examine how the mRNA and protein levels of calcium activated Kchannel (K(Ca)) and connexin (Cx) change in association with overactive bladder in the bladder mucosae of stress urinary incontinence (SUI) patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty SUI patients were included in our study. Bladder mucosae were obtained, with using cold cup biopsy forceps, from the patients suffering with genuine stress urinary incontinence (group 1, n=7), from the patients suffering with SUI along with urgency and frequency (group 2, n=6), and from the patients suffering with mixed incontinence (group 3, n=7). RESULTS: The mRNA transcripts of type 2 (SK2) and type 3 (SK3) small conductance K(Ca), Cx26, and Cx43 were highly expressed in the bladder mucosa. The message of large conductance K(Ca)(BK) was significantly decreased in group 3 compared with that in the controls. The SK2 and Cx26 messages in group 3 were also lower than those in groups 1 and 2. In the presence of urge incontinence, the BK and SK2 protein levels were decreased and the Cx26 protein expression was significantly increased in the bladder mucosa of the SUI patients. In contrast, there were no significant differences in the mRNA and protein levels of K(Ca)s and Cxs between groups 1 and group 2. CONCLUSIONS: Downregulation of both BK and SK2 and upregulation of Cx26 in the bladder mucosa of MI patients may contribute to the alterations of urothelial instability, and this correlate with the symptom severity of bladder instability in SUI patients.
Biopsy ; Calcium ; Connexin 43 ; Connexins ; Down-Regulation ; Humans ; Mucous Membrane* ; Potassium Channels, Calcium-Activated* ; RNA, Messenger ; Surgical Instruments ; Up-Regulation ; Urinary Bladder* ; Urinary Bladder, Overactive* ; Urinary Incontinence* ; Urinary Incontinence, Stress ; Urinary Incontinence, Urge ; Urothelium

PURPOSE: The goal of this study was to examine body image satisfaction and perception according to weight status, and to investigate those associations with dietary habits and nutritional status among preadolescent children. METHODS: Body image and dietary habits and intake were assessed in 134 elementary school students in grade 4. Children were categorized according to normal and overweight or obese groups. Figure rating scales were used to assess body image perception (identification of perceived current body size) and dissatisfaction (difference between perceived current body size and ideal body image). RESULTS: There were sex differences in body image perceptions. Normal-weight girls, overweight or obese girls and boys were more likely to desire a leaner body size than their perceived body size compared with normal-weight boys. Body image satisfaction and perception showed an association with weight status. More overweight or obese children indicated dissatisfaction or underestimation of body image than normal-weight children. Children with body image dissatisfaction due to heavier perceived body size than ideal body image showed lower frequencies of consumption of meals and vegetables, compared to those who were satisfied with their body image. Children who underestimated their body image were more likely to have a lower frequency of breakfast and meal regularity and a higher frequency of eating out of home or food deliveries than those with accurate body image perception. In addition, body image underestimation showed an association with lower intakes of protein, dietary fiber and calcium, and the higher percentage of calories derived from fat. CONCLUSION: Body image dissatisfaction as well as underestimation in children before puberty showed an association with overweight or obesity, and was also related to unhealthy dietary habits. These findings highlight the importance of accurate perception and satisfaction with body image in preadolescent children in order to prevent development of obesity in adolescents and adults.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Body Image* ; Body Mass Index* ; Body Size ; Breakfast ; Calcium ; Child ; Dietary Proteins ; Eating ; Female ; Food Habits* ; Humans ; Meals ; Nutritional Status ; Obesity ; Overweight ; Puberty ; Sex Characteristics ; Vegetables ; Weights and Measures

PURPOSE: Recent studies have shown that potassium (K+) and sodium channels are involved in prostate cell growth. However, a great many of the studies have been done in prostate cancer cell lines and there are only scant studies on prostate cancer and benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH) tissue. The present study was aimed to evaluate the alterations of the calcium-activated K+ channel (KCa) expression in prostate cancer, and to compare them with the expression profiles in human BPH tissue to understand their potential role in the progression of prostate cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The prostate tissues obtained from radical prostatectomy (n=10) and transurethral resection of the prostate (n=18) were quickly frozen in liquid nitrogen for the RNA measurements. The protein and mRNA levels of the KCa subtypes and connexins were measured by performing immunoblot analysis and reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction, respectively. RESULTS: The mRNA levels of type 2 (SK2) and type 3 (SK3) small-conductance and large-conductance (BK) KCas in the prostate cancer tissues were decreased more than 50% compared with those in the BPH samples. In addition, the BK and SK2 protein levels in prostate cancer were also significantly lower than those in the BPH. As reported previously, the connexin 26 and 43 transcript signals in the prostate cancer were significantly reduced compared with those in the BPH samples. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that the impaired expression of KCas may have a role in tumor progression via aberrant and uncontrolled prostate cell growth.
Cell Line ; Connexins ; Humans* ; Large-Conductance Calcium-Activated Potassium Channels ; Nitrogen ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Potassium ; Potassium Channels, Calcium-Activated* ; Prostate* ; Prostatectomy ; Prostatic Hyperplasia ; Prostatic Neoplasms* ; RNA ; RNA, Messenger ; Small-Conductance Calcium-Activated Potassium Channels ; Sodium Channels

Wegener's granulomatosis is characterized by necrotizing granulomatosis lesion of the respiratory tract, glomerulonephritis and frequently vasculitis involving other organs. The basic pathophysiologic mechanism of Wegener's granulomatosis is not defined yet. However, it may be suspected an autoimmune disease. We experienced a case of Wegener's granulomatosis which are associated with acute renal failure and pneumothorax. The patient suffered from hemoptysis, fever and cough. Despite antibiotic therapy, symtoms did not improved and multiple varying sized nodules were aggravated on chest roentogenogram and serum creatinine elevated 3.4mg/dl. After diagnosis using video associated thoracoscopic surgery, the patient was treated with cyclophsphamide, glucocorticoid and sulfamethoxasole-trimethoprime. With the combination therapy, the patient felt completely well and chest roentogenogram showed lungs were improved and serum creatinine was normal. The patient was readmitted because of right pleuritic pain and dyspnea 15 day after discharge. The patient was developed a right pneumothorax. The lung was easily expanded by intercostal tube drainage with a one way valve. The patient has been treated as an out- patient with immunosuppressive agents continously.
Acute Kidney Injury* ; Autoimmune Diseases ; Cough ; Creatinine ; Diagnosis ; Drainage ; Dyspnea ; Fever ; Glomerulonephritis ; Hemoptysis ; Humans ; Immunosuppressive Agents ; Lung ; Pneumothorax* ; Respiratory System ; Thoracoscopy ; Thorax ; Vasculitis ; Wegener Granulomatosis*