PURPOSE: We studied penile size of children who underwent hypospadias repair. Also we surveyed the degree of satisfaction with, as judged by patient's parents and urologist. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We measured the relaxed and erected penile size of children who underwent hypospadias repair and followed more than one year (28 cases of one stage repair and 20 cases of two stage repair). All of them had no complication. We used age adjusted ANOVA test for penile size, and Wilcoxon matched pairs signed rank test for comparison of satisfaction with penile appearance between one stage group and two stage group. RESULTS: Significant difference was noted between one stage group and two stage group for relaxed and erected penile length (p<0.05), but penile circumference was not (p>0.05). Two stage group showed statistically significant larger value than one stage group for glandular size, glandular shape, position of meatus, general appearance, and genital perception score as judged by patient's parents (p<0.05). And two stage group showed statistically larger value than one stage group for genital perception score judged by urologist (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Our study demonstrated that two stage operation met with better penile size and satisfaction judged by patient's parents and urologist than one stage operation for middle and posterior penile hypospadias.
Child ; Female ; Humans ; Hypospadias* ; Male ; Parents

Since the reservior of leptospires organism is consisted of a broad spectrum of animals, the best method of prevention is vaccination. The clinical trial of leptospires vaccine conducted on human volunteer for its immunogenicity and safety. Summarized results are as follows: 1. The Oral temperature among vaccinated group ranged from 36.7 +/- 0.34 degrees C, while in placebo injected group it ranged from 36.4 +/- 0.46 degrees C to 36.7 +/- 0.53 degrees C. There wan no association between vaccination and fever (p<0.05). 2. Mild local reactions revealed in vacciness were swelling (50-75%), Redness(75-90%), and induration(25-40%). Placebo injected group revealed only redness in 12.5% in the 1st injection and 37.5% in the second injection. The duration local reactions on injection site for both vaccinees and placebo groups disappeared within 48 hours. 3. Generalized Symptoms complained by the vaccinees were myalgia (25%), back pain(15%), headache(15%), pruritus(15%), and abdominal pain(10%), whereas placebo group complained of headache(25%), myalgia(12.5%), back pain(12.5%), pain in eyes(12.5%), abdominal pain(12.5%) prutitus(12.5%) and nausea(12.5%). 4. The serological test(MAT) of vaccinees showed geometric mean antibody titer as follows: a. L. icterohemorrhagiae lai, 1 week after 1st vaccination: 22.45, 1 week after 2nd vaccination: 111.23, 3 week after 2nd vaccination: 266.64, b. L. canicola canicola, 1 week after 1st vaccination: 24.62, 1 week after 2nd vaccination: 123.92, 3 week after 2nd vaccination: 276.55, c. L. icterohemorrhagiae copenhageni, 1 week after 1st vaccination: 28.28, 1 week after 2nd vaccination: 128.55, 3 week after 2nd vaccinaton: 247.88, Whereas all of the placebo injected group, showed below 1 : 20 titers. The sero-conversion rate of vaccinees were 100 percent.
Animals ; Fever ; Healthy Volunteers ; Myalgia ; Vaccination

The congenital patent urachus is the failure of complete urachal lumen closure and results in a free communication between the bladder and the umbilicus. Embriologically the urachus represents the vestigial remnant of the allantois which, in the fetus, communicates with the cloaca. The first patient is a 6-day-old female infant, and she was transferred due to urine leakage from the reddish hen egg sized protruding mass on the umbilicus. The fistulogram showed a long fistulous tract which communicates with bladder and umbilicus. A complete resection of the patent urachus was done. The second patient is a 1-day-old male infant, and he was transferred for operation of omphalocele from local clinic. Urine leakage was detected from the urachus at operative field, and so complete resection of the urachus was performed, and the one stage repair was performed for treatment of mild intestinal herniation. Postoperative courses of the two cases were uneventful.
Allantois ; Cloaca ; Female ; Fetus ; Hernia, Umbilical ; Humans ; Infant ; Male ; Ovum ; Umbilicus ; Urachus* ; Urinary Bladder

Inflammatory pseudotumor of urinary bladder is a rare benign entity that clinically and radiologically simulates a malignant tumor. This benign lesion can easily be mistaken for sarcoma, and only careful pathologic examination can provide a definite diagnosis. It is important to recognize this lesion as benign to avoid the potentially serious consequences of misdiagnosis. A 53-year-old man presented with a history of micturition pain and urinary frequency despite of symptomatic treatment with antibiotics for 2 weeks. Cystoscopic examination, ultrasonography and of revealed a well defined mass with central necrosis. The mass was located at the left lateral wall of the bladder, and it was 3x3 cm sized round shape. We suspected benign tumor by above diagnostic modalities and we confirmed inflammatory pseudotumor by frozen section of mass, followed by partial cystectomy was performed. Awareness of this unusual lesion is important to prevent unnecessary surgical procedure. We report a case of inflammatory pseudotumor of the urinary bladder and reviewed 21 cases of this disease including our case.
Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Cystectomy ; Diagnosis ; Diagnostic Errors ; Frozen Sections ; Granuloma, Plasma Cell* ; Humans ; Middle Aged ; Necrosis ; Sarcoma ; Ultrasonography ; Urinary Bladder* ; Urination

Purpose: The study investigated the results of direct surgical scleral depression using four ports and the chandelier lighting system in rhegmatogenous retinal detachment. Methods: Anatomical and functional success rates and complications were analyzed in 179 eyes diagnosed with rhegmatogenous retinal detachment that underwent primary vitrectomy using four ports at our hospital between March 2012 and February 2022. Results: A total of 168 (93.9%) eyes had anatomical success without reoperation while 11 (6.1%) developed recurrence. However, the final success rate was 100%. The best-corrected visual acuity improved significantly from logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (logMAR) 1.03 ± 0.92 to logMAR 0.24 ± 0.39 after surgery (p < 0.001). Complications included a temporary increase in the intraocular pressure (n = 3, 1.7%), leakage through the scleral incision (n = 2, 1.1%), hyphema and vitreous hemorrhage (n = 10, 5.6%), and iatrogenic retinal break (n = 1, 0.6%), but these improved after treatment. Conclusions Four-port vitrectomy for rhegmatogenous retinal detachment in which scleral depression is directly performed using the chandelier lighting system is a useful surgical method. It allows effective visualization of the peripheral retina regardless of the assistant’s proficiency which results in a more meticulous surgery. The anatomical and functional results of this technique were similar to the conventional technique.

Voiding functions in patients with non-neoplastic and non-traumatic myelopathy take a variable course according to severity and duration of disease. Fifteen patients of non-neoplastic and non-traumatic myelopathy were investigated neurologically thoroughly. On M.R.I. findings, hyperintense lesion was notified in a half of them but the others were nonspecific. On Pressure-Flow-EMG studies there were 7 cases of detrusor hyperreflexia with DSD, 2 cases of detrusor hyporeflexia with nonrelaxing striated muscle, 1 cases of detrusor hyporeflexia with coordinated striated muscle and 3 cases of normal findings. The thorough examination including M.R.I. and urodynamic study will be needed in patient with non-neoplastic and non-traumatic myelopathy because future possibility of their serious complications such as deterioration of renal function or impotence.
Erectile Dysfunction ; Humans ; Male ; Muscle, Striated ; Reflex, Abnormal ; Spinal Cord Diseases* ; Urodynamics*

OBJECTIVES: The present study systematically reviewed previous studies published in Korea regarding obesity status of children and adolescents in order to provide valid directions for future research and to help establish evidence-based prevention strategies. METHODS: The articles were selected by searching the primary keyword ‘obesity’ and the secondary keywords ‘children’, ‘young children’, ‘adolescents’ or ‘kids’ on the KISS (Korean Studies Information Service System). Out of 503 articles excluding the overlap, 308 articles were selected with inclusion and exclusion criteria. Secular trends of obesity research, distribution of subjects, potential risk factors for obesity, and intervention method for obesity management were documented. The associations between obesity and dietary factors were summarized. RESULTS: The overall number of research studies has increased since 2000 but obesity management studies have decreased in recent years. Most of the studies used a cross-sectional design. Research on preschool children were extremely limited. Intervention studies targeting males were prevalent. The most significant variables relevant to dietary habits were speed of eating, regular breakfast and snacking. The most significant food and nutrient intake factors were thiamin and iron. Intakes of cereals and animal foods were significantly higher in obese children than the counterparts. CONCLUSIONS: The present review of locally published articles on the obesity status in children and adolescents suggested the need for well-designed further studies focused on risk factors of obesity and on a range of intervention methods conducive to the development of obesity prevention and management programs.
Adolescent* ; Animals ; Breakfast ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Eating ; Edible Grain ; Food Habits ; Humans ; Information Services ; Iron ; Korea* ; Male ; Methods ; Obesity ; Pediatric Obesity* ; Risk Factors* ; Snacks

PURPOSE: Atopic dermatitis is affected by genetic and environmental factors. Bronchial asthma often develops in atopic dermatitis children. Allergen sensitization may affect the frequency of asthma in preschool atopic dermatitis children. So, we performed this study to know the relationship between allergen sensitization and the frequency of asthma in preschool atopic dermatitis children. METHODS: Three-hundred twelve of the children with atopic dermatitis in preschool aged children were divided into 3 groups; Allergens ; Asthma* ; Child* ; Child, Preschool ; Dermatitis, Atopic* ; Humans ; Immunoglobulin E ; Pyroglyphidae

Purpose: We report a first case of traction retinal detachment accompanied by ocular syphilis in Korea.Case summary: A 20-year-old male visited with poor left-eye vision. His best-corrected visual acuity was 0.3; no inflammation was evident in the anterior chamber, but many inflammatory cells were found in the vitreous cavity. Fundus examination revealed inferior exudative and tractional retinal detachment. Optical coherence tomography revealed an epiretinal membrane; fluorescein angiography showed that the inferior (detached) retina did not fluoresce. Syphilis was serologically detected; ceftriaxone (2 g daily) was intravenously injected for 14 days. The vitreous cavity inflammation improved, but the tractional membrane proliferation triggered tractional retinal detachment. We performed vitrectomy to remove the tractional membrane and prescribed intravitreal antibiotics. The patient was discharged after intravenous injection of penicillin G (20 MU daily) for 14 days. Three months after surgery, the best-corrected left-eye visual acuity had improved to 0.8, and no recurrence of the retinal detachment was noted. Conclusions Patients with ocular syphilis may evidence retinal detachment despite initial prescription of systemic antibiotics. A possible need for surgery should be kept in mind; the prognosis is good if an operation is performed in a timely manner.