INTRODUCTION: In traditional society, the roles of housewives were to do housework, to look after her children and to give her family emotional stability. With rapid social and economic change, the traditional sense of value changes and the concepts of sexual roles, too. However, they are in a transition period yet. These discord and tension followed by role change appeared as the form of psychological instability or social pathological problem in modern family. Thus, this study aimed to avaluate the effect of employment on depression of housewives who play importent roles in family and their commumity. METHODS: From May to July 1996, the questonnaires were distributed to 179 housewives who have university education background(including community college), and have one or more children and live in Bundang-Ku of Sungnam city, making a distinction between working housewives and nonworking housewives. Regarding the subjects of this study, the non-working housewives are restricted to full-time housewives who have no job, and working housewives who have full-time job. As tools of measurement, we used BDI questionnaires consisted of 15 items in Korean. We performed statistical analysis among the data by means of SPSS/PC+. We analyzed statistical data for significance using one-way ANOVA and analyzed categorical data for significance using S-test. RESULTS: The average score on BDI for working housewives was 12.22(standard deviation 7.42) and this is rather higher than that of non-working housewives(10.80, standard deviation : 7.42). But the number of children increased, the BDI score were higher significantly in both groups. And the BDI score was high in working Housewives groups whose husbands had professional job or dommerce job, whose family system is a multi-generation family, and who feel a lot of fatigue after work. In case of non-working housewives, the BDI score was high with age(especially between 50-59), duration of marriage, lower income and Duvalls family life cycle 6, 7. CONCLUSIONS: There is no difference in depression tendency between working housewives and nonworking housewives. But in case of working housewives, some factors have influence on their depression tendency, the number of children, husbands job, family type, degree of fatigue after work. And in case of non-working housewives, the factors are the number of children, age, duration of marriage, income, family life cycle.
Child ; Depression* ; Education ; Employment ; Fatigue ; Gyeonggi-do ; Housekeeping ; Humans ; Marriage ; Seoul* ; Spouses ; Surveys and Questionnaires

We performed L1 posterior vertebral columnar resection and posterior correction for Andersson's lesion and thoracolumbar kyphosis in an ankylosing spondylitis patient during motor evoked potential (MEP) monitoring. We checked MEP intra-operatively, whenever a dangerous procedure for neural elements was performed, and no abnormal findings were seen during surgery. After the operation, we examined neurologic function in the recovery room; the patient showed a progressive neurologic deficit and no response to MEP. After emergency neural exploration and decompression surgery, the neurologic deficit was recovered. We questioned whether to acknowledge the results of this case as a false negative. We think the possible reason for this result may be delayed development of paralysis. So, we recommend that MEP monitoring should be performed not only after important operative steps but also after all steps, including skin suturing, for final confirmation.
Decompression ; Emergencies ; Evoked Potentials, Motor ; Humans ; Kyphosis ; Neurologic Manifestations ; Paralysis ; Skin ; Spondylitis, Ankylosing

STUDY DESIGN: Genetic screening of the estrogen receptor 2 (ESR2) genes in patients with ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL). OBJECTIVE: We studied the relationships between ESR2 gene polymorphisms and OPLL to understand the pathophysiology of OPLL. SUMMARY OF LITERATURE REVIEW: The OPLL has a strong genetic component. Several familial surveys and human leukocyte antigen (HLA) haplotype studies reveal that genetic background is an important component in the occurrence of OPLL and a large number of gene analysis studies were utilized to clarify the susceptible gene for OPLL, including COL11A2, BMP-2, TNF-alpha, NPPS, leptin receptor, transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta, Retinoic X receptor, ER, IL-1, PTH, and VDR have been performed. MATERIALS AND METHOD: Genomic deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) samples obtained from 164 patients (93 men and 71 women) with OPLL and 219 control subjects, without the disease (105 men and 114 women) were amplified by polymerase chain reaction, and polymorphism genotypes were determined by the restriction endonuclease digestion. The distribution of genotypes was compared between the patients with the disease and the control subjects. RESULTS: The polymorphism of ESR2 [rs1256049, exon6, Val328Val, p=0.018, odd ratio (OR)=2.41, 95 confidence interval (CI)=1.15-5.02 in the recessive model] only showed statistically significant association between the control and the OPLL groups. The rest SNPs of ESR2 did not show any significant differences between the control and the OPLL groups. CONCLUSIONS: Estrogen receptor 2 (ESR2) gene polymorphisms (rs 1256049) was associated with OPLL. In future studies, we will perform target SNP chip between OPLL and candidate gene.
Digestion ; DNA ; DNA Restriction Enzymes ; Estrogen Receptor beta ; Estrogens ; Genetic Testing ; Genotype ; Haplotypes ; Humans ; Interleukin-1 ; Leukocytes ; Longitudinal Ligaments ; Male ; Ossification of Posterior Longitudinal Ligament ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Receptors, Leptin ; Spine ; Succinimides ; Transforming Growth Factors ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha

OBJECTIVE: Autophagy plays a vital role in homeostasis by combining organelles and cellular proteins with lysosome under starvation conditions. In addition, autophagy provides tumor cells with a source of energy. Continued autophagy will induce cells death. Here we aim to see if autophagic induction has an effect on conventional chemotherapeutic agents. METHODS: Rapamycin, or mammalian target of rapamycin and paclitaxel, apoptosis-inducing agents were used autophagy in HeLa cervical cancer cells. RESULTS: Growth inhibition of cells was not observed after the application of 0, 10, 20 nM of paclitaxel with or without rapamycin. Using a 5 nM concentration of paclitaxel, rapamycin administration inhibited cell growth significantly compared to no treatment. This implies the synergic antitumor effect of paclitaxel and rapamycin. Paclitaxel itself did not show any autophagic effect on cells but did show cell apoptosis by flow cytometry. Light chain 3, a microtubule-associated protein, which reflect autophagy, was increased with 5 nM of paclitaxel after pretreatment with 10 nM of rapamycin. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that the autophagic inducer, rapamycin, can potentiate autophagic cell death when added as an apoptosis-inducing chemotherapeutic agent. In conclusion, the control of autophagy may be a future target for chemotherapy.
Apoptosis ; Autophagy ; Cell Death ; Flow Cytometry ; Homeostasis ; Light ; Lysosomes ; Organelles ; Paclitaxel ; Proteins ; Sirolimus ; Starvation ; TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases ; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms

STUDY DESIGN: Comparative study. OBJECTIVES: To compare the outcomes of unilateral TLIF, bilateral TLIF using Wiltse approach and bilateral TLIF using conventional midline approach. SUMMARY OF LITERATURE REVIEW: There are many studies about outcomes of Unilateral TLIF, but few have compared the 3 different fusion procedures. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 60 patients were divided into 3 groups. Each group has enrolled 20 patients (Study group: unilateral TLIF, Control group 1: bilateral TLIF using Wiltse approach, Control group 2: bilateral TLIF using conventional midline approach). For clinical outcomes, we compared operative time, blood loss, time for ambulation and discharge, VAS for back pain and leg pain and ODI among three groups. For radiologic evaluation, disc height and segmental lordosis were examined. RESULTS: The mean operative time was 147 minutes in study group(SG), 172 minutes in control group 1(CG1), 167 minutes in control group 2(CG2). The mean total blood loss was 466ml in SG, 569ml in CG1, 1140ml in CG2 respectively. VAS for back pain at the third postoperative day significantly decreased in SG and CG1 compared with CG2. There was no significant difference in ODI, disc height and segmental lordosis among the groups. CONCLUSION: Using Wiltse approach, there were several advantages in decreasing blood loss, immediate postoperative back pain, hospital stay and early ambulation. Clinical and radiological results of unilateral TLIF were comparable with bilateral TLIF.
Animals ; Back Pain ; Early Ambulation ; Humans ; Leg ; Length of Stay ; Lordosis ; Operative Time ; Walking

PURPOSE: We wanted to evaluate the clinical results of the Latarjet procedure for treating anterior shoulder instability combined with a glenoid bone defect. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between Oct. 2006 and May. 2007, fourteen patients underwent a Latarjet operation to treat their anterior shoulder instability combined with a glenoid bone defect. The mean follow-up period was 15 months (range: 12 to 19 months), and the average age at the time of surgery was 29.9-years-old (range: 19 to 44 years). There were 13 males and 1 female. Eight patients exhibited involvement of the right shoulder. The dominant arm was involved in 8 patients. Six patients had undergone a previous arthroscopic Bankart repair before their Latarjet operation and 2 patients had a history of seizure. RESULTS: The average Rowe score improved from 51.8 to 80.2 with 9 excellent, 4 good, and 1 fair results. The average Korean shoulder score for instability improved from 61.6 to 82.1 postoperatively. The active forward flexion and external rotation at the side of the involved shoulder was an average of 8degrees and 16degrees less than that of the uninvolved shoulder. The muscle strength of the involved shoulder measured 78.7% in forward flexion and 82.5% in external rotation, as compared with that of the uninvolved shoulder. There was 1 case of dislocation, 1 transient subluxation, 2 fibrotic unions, 1 resorption of the transferred coracoid process, 1 intraoperative broken bone, 1 transient musculocutaneous nerve injury and 1 case of stiffness. CONCLUSION: The Latarjet procedure for treating anterior shoulder instability combined with a significant glenoid defect effectively restores function and stability through extending the articular arc at the expense of external rotation. We should be cautious to avoid or detect complications when performing coracoid transfer.
Arm ; Dislocations ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Fractures, Bone ; Humans ; Male ; Muscle Strength ; Musculocutaneous Nerve ; Shoulder

STUDY DESIGN: A prospective study OBJECTIVES: We wanted to assess the clinical outcomes of posterior dynamic stabilization with selective wide decompression for treating multilevel lumbar stenosis in old age. SUMMARY OF THE LITERATURE REVIEW: Deciding on the segments to be operated on is challenging problem for old age patients with multilevel lumbar stenosis. There have been no reports on posterior dynamic stabilization with selective wide decompression for treating multilevel lumbar stenosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We evaluated 18 patients who underwent posterior dynamic stabilization with selective decompression for multilevel disc degeneration and spinal stenosis. The mean age was 70.2 years and mean follow-up was 15.1 months. We evaluated the segmental angle, the range of motion (ROM) and pedicle screw loosening. The clinical results were evaluated according to the operative time, blood loss, the visual analogue scale (VAS) for the back pain and leg pain and and the Oswestry disability index (ODI). RESULTS: The mean number of operated segments was 2.16. The lordosis of the lumbar and operated segments showed no significant difference. However, the ROM of the total lumbar spine and the operation segment was significantly decreased from 36.8 to 24.3 and 22.9 to 13.1, respectively. The ROM for the adjacent segment did not show a significant difference. A radiolucent line around the pedicle screw appeared at 22 screws (19.3%) out of a total 114 screws. The VAS for back and leg pain were improved from 7.5 and 8.6 to 2.3 and 2.1, respectively. The ODI was improved from 41.5 to 13.4. CONCLUSIONS: The initial clinical outcomes were favorable after posterior dynamic stabilization with selective decompression. This procedure could be considered to be a useful option for treating multilevel stenosis in old age patients.
Animals ; Back Pain ; Constriction, Pathologic ; Decompression ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Intervertebral Disc Degeneration ; Leg ; Lordosis ; Operative Time ; Prospective Studies ; Range of Motion, Articular ; Spinal Stenosis ; Spine

OBJECTIVES: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that is characterized by abnormalities of social functioning, communication and behavior. The association of the 7q21-34 region with ASD has been reported. The DLX6 gene, which is located at the 7q22 region, is one of the positional and functional candidate genes for ASD. We found that there is no association between DLX6 polymorphisms and ASD in the Korean male population. METHODS: We selected three single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that might be implicated in the change of the DLX6 gene expression. The genomic DNA was collected from the venous blood of 147 male controls and 179 male patients with ASD. The genotypes of the selected SNPs were determined using the Illumina GoldenGate assay, and the statistical analyses were performed using HapAnalyzer software and SAS Enterprise. RESULTS: We found no association of the three SNPs in the DLX6 gene with ASD in the Korean male population. CONCLUSION: Our study suggests that the three SNPs in the DLX6 gene are not associated with ASD, and we need to analyze the previously reported regions for their associations with ASD.
Autistic Disorder ; Child ; Autism Spectrum Disorder ; DNA ; Gene Expression ; Genotype ; Humans ; Male ; Phenothiazines ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide

BACKGROUND: Tricuspid regurgitation has been considered as a secondary lesion when it is combined with left valvular heart diseases. However, there have been some reports which show that tricuspid regurgitation keeps going and results in congestive heart failure even after a successful operation for left valvular heart disease. So far, there are no definite operation indications and predictive factors for the tricuspid regurgitation which is resulted from the left sided valvular heart disease. We designed this study to evaluate the effects of pulmonary artery pressure and left ventricular ejection fraction on the prognosis of tricuspid regurgitation, and to make an operation indication for the patients with secondary tricuspid regurgitation. MATERIAL AND METHOD: We reviewed the medical records of patients who underwent surgery for the left sided valvular heart disease with tricuspid regurgitation and were followed for more than 1 year with echocardiograms. There was a total of 114 cases. We compared the grades of tricuspid regurgitations and pulmonary artery pressures and left ventricular ejection fractions on the basis of echocardiograms which were checked preoperatively and on the last follow up. RESULT: There were 43 cases of tricuspid annuloplasty. In these patients, the grades of tricuspid regurgitations were improved in 42 cases (97.7%). But in 71 cases without annuloplasty, 29 cases (41%) were improved, 32 cases (45%) had no change, and 10 cases (14%) were aggravated. This finding shows significant differences in the prognoses of tricuspid regurgitations between the two groups (p<0.05). There was no difference in pulmonary artery pressures and ejection fractions between the patients who showed progression of tricuspid regurgitations and those who didn't (p>0.05). The improvements of tricuspid regurgitations are not statistically related to the changes of pulmonary artery pressures or left ventricular ejection fractions. CONCLUSION: This study shows that it is impossible to predict the prognoses of tricuspid regurgitations with preoperative pulmonary artery pressures or left ventricular ejection fractions. Also, the excellent results of tricuspid annuloplasty is proven in controlling the secondary tricuspid regurgitations. Therefore, when tricuspid regurgitation is detected preoperatively, the procedures to correct the tricuspid regurgitation at the time of the operation for the left-sided valvular heart disease must be considered positively, regardless of the grades of tricuspid regurgitations, to prevent significant tricuspid regurgitation that may develop later.
Follow-Up Studies ; Heart Failure ; Heart Valve Diseases* ; Humans ; Medical Records ; Prognosis* ; Pulmonary Artery ; Stroke Volume ; Tricuspid Valve Insufficiency*