OBJECTIVES: To estimate the demand and demand-supply balances of occupational and environmental medical specialties (OEMS) in the target year of 2020. METHODS: We adopted a new OEMS demand model based on the situations of periodic workers' health examination (PHE) agencies, health management agencies (HMA), and legal enforcement for health and safety systems in Korea. The model uses data selected primarily from the database of the Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Medicine (KSOEM), a survey for certified members of KSOEM, statistics and internal documents from the Ministry of Employment and Labor (MOEL). RESULTS: From the data and assumptions, newly demanded OEMS were 193 for workers who had received PHE, and 205 based on total workers for PHE in 2020 for PHE. But no OEMS for HMA area is demanded. Comparing with the calculated numbers of supply estimates, the demand was slightly higher, but could be balanced if MOEL kept consistent and unchanging policies. CONCLUSIONS: The study results suggest that the demand-supply balance of OEMS is mainly influenced by the policy of MOEL. Further studies are needed examining more detailed data and statistics about PHE agencies, HMA and considering MOEL policies are needed to configuring more sophisticated and need-included estimation.
Employment ; Environmental Medicine ; Health Manpower ; Health Services Needs and Demand ; Korea ; Occupational Medicine ; Public Policy

OBJECTIVES: To estimate the supply of occupational and environmental medicine specialties in the target year of 2020. METHODS: We adopted alternative projection models combined with a demographic method as a supply forecasting method. The model uses data selected primarily from the database of the Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Medicine (KSOEM), a survey for certified members of KSOEM, audit data from the Ministry of Employment and Labor (MOEL) and Hospital Accreditation. We assumed five viable alternatives in supply forecasting. RESULTS: Depending on the assumptions, the total occupational and environmental medicine specialties supply ranged from 706 by low-level supply estimates to 754 by high-level supply estimates in 2020. Among them, approximately 81% were estimated to engage themselves in agency for health management and periodic health examinations for workers exposed to hazards. CONCLUSIONS: The study results suggest that the supply of occupational and environmental medicine specialties is related to the policy of MOEL. Further studies are needed concerning overall policy about health and safety and for the newly demanded market.
Accreditation ; Employment ; Environmental Medicine ; Forecasting ; Korea

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the information searching behavior of health care consumers according to sociodemographic characteristics. METHODS: A questionnaire survey was conducted of 1,507 persons who were selected through a multi-stage stratified area cluster sampling of the Republic of Korea, excluding the province of Jeju-do. Personal were conducted through a door-to-door survey between 27 July and 10 August 1999. RESULTS: 80.5% of respondents used more than one source of information and those 40~59 years of age, female, a housewife or student and those who claimed a religion demonstrated more active information searching behavior. A personal informer was used significantly more in those 20~39 years old, female, and those who claimed a religion. Clerical workers, those with post-secondary education and a monthly income greater than 2,000,000 won ($1500) were more actively used a public informer. Low socioeconomic status and older persons used an experimental informer when they chose a health care institution. CONCLUSION: Regardless of the sociodemographic characteristics, personal and experimental informers were the most useful source of information. Because appropriate information was not easy to obtain, the health care consumer was dependent upon word-of-mouth communication(personal informer) when using health care services.
Appetitive Behavior* ; Data Collection ; Delivery of Health Care* ; Education ; Female ; Humans ; Jeju-do ; Questionnaires ; Republic of Korea ; Social Class

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the pulmonary function changes of ozone exposure in Corona and Slitter workers exposed to an ozone level ranging from 0.022~0.061 ppm. METHODS: Forty-two subjects were exposed for 8hrs to ozone every day. We perfomed pulmonary function testing immediately before and after work and self-administered, portable peak flow meter measurements were self-conducted by the workers over a 5-day (Monday to Friday) period. RESULTS: Ozone concentrations in the workplace ranging from 0.050~0.061 ppm at Corona and 0.022~0.023 ppm at Slitter in 2006. A small decrement in forced-vital capacity were observed among Corona workers from 93.9% to 91.3% (p=0.012) and also in employment duration below ten years. We found no significant differences in before and after FVC and FEV1 among Slitter workers. All daily (Monday to Friday) peak expiratory flow rates declined in magnitude after two days of ozone exposure, compared with first day exposure. CONCLUSION: We concluded that daily ozone exposure in the workplace slightly decreased pulmonary function and that PEFR variability is greatest on the 2nd day of ozone exposure.
Employment ; Ozone* ; Peak Expiratory Flow Rate ; Respiratory Function Tests

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to develop a quality assessment domain and to determine its priority in Korea's Occupational Health Services. METHODS: We designed the study in a 3 phase approach. The first phase of the process encompasses making a list of measures for quality assessments by a thorough review of the literature. The second phase emcompassed the development of inclusion and priority criteria. The third phase of survey development was conducted during August 2008 and a questionnaire was administered to occupational health physicians covering 58 subjects. RESULTS: Finally we investigated 40 quality assessment measures, including 2 for structural domain, 17 for process domain, 21 for result domain in occupational health service. The 40 quality assessment measures divided into 2 parts. The early quality assessment part was 14 measures that including 8 measures for process domains and 5 measures for result domains. CONCLUSION: We investigate a quality assessment domain and determined the priorities of the occupational health service in Korea.
Humans ; Korea ; Occupational Health ; Occupational Health Physicians ; Occupational Health Services ; Questionnaires

OBJECTIVE: We investigated the differences among the patients who were diagnosed with carpal tunnel syndrome according to the frequency of exposure to wrist-burdening work by using carpal tunnel syndrome surveillance system. METHODS: The study subjects were a total of 855 patients from 1,017 patients who were diagnosed with carpal tunnel syndrome in 9 university hospitals from May, 2001 to October, 2004, and we excluded 161 patients who had no clear information for their occupational status. The subjects were classified into three groups according to four types of wrist-burdening work: 1) repetitive use of wrists, 2) inappropriate posture of the hand, 3) use of vibrating tools, and 4) overpressure work on the hand or palm, - as defined in the operational definition by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). The subjects with two or more types of wrist-burdening work were classified as 'high risk group', the subjects with one type of wrist-burdening work were classified as 'intermediate risk group', and the subjects with none of the types of wrist-burdening work were classified as 'low risk group'. We used chi-square test, Fisher's exact test and ANOVA for comparing the characteristics according to the 3 subgroup. RESULTS: The mean age in the high risk group was the lowest(53 years), and there was a significant difference among the groups for the mean age(p<0.05). The high risk group included the most males with 39(22.0%). The subjects in the high risk group had significantly more jobs in agriculture.forestry.fisheries, factory work, and simple labor and less comorbidities, including diabetes and rheumatoid arthritis(p<0.05). The subjects in the intermediate risk group had a higher proportion of service workers. There were significant differences for the symptoms of carpal tunnel syndrome according to the frequency of exposure to wrist-burdening work. The subjects in the high risk group showed the highest proportion of work-related aggravation of symptoms with 88(76.5%) and the highest mean number of days absent from work(6 days) as related to carpal tunnel syndrome. CONCLUSION: Worker in agriculture.forestry.fisheries, factory work, and simple labor showed significantly more frequent carpal tunnel syndrome, and so management strategies are needed to prevent them from developing carpal tunnel syndrome.
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome ; Comorbidity ; Employment ; Hand ; Hospitals, University ; Humans ; Male ; National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (U.S.) ; Occupations ; Posture ; Wrist

PURPOSE: This study was done to estimate supply and demand for nursing workforce to provide community-based primary healthcare in the North Korean region to cost-efficiently narrow the health gap between the two Koreas in case of a Korean reunification. METHODS: To understand the nursing education system and current state of nursing workforce in North Korea, the authors interviewed six North Korean defectors who had worked as nurses in North Korea. Based on the interview results and literature review, the supply and demand for the primary healthcare nursing workforce that would be needed after Korean reunification were estimated RESULTS: Currently, a total of 2,100 to 2,700 North Korean nurses were estimated to have graduated from nursing schools with a 2 year curriculum or completed 6-month military nurse training courses every year. The projected number of nurses in demand to provide primary health care ranged from 84,160 to 105,200 and the shortage would be between 31,586 and 52,626. CONCLUSION: An active utilization of the North Korean nursing workforce to improve the health of North Koreans after reunification will be the best way to reduce the reunification cost which will be inflicted mainly on South Korea.
Curriculum ; Democratic People's Republic of Korea ; Education, Nursing ; Humans ; Korea ; Military Personnel ; Nursing ; Primary Health Care ; Schools, Nursing

OBJECTIVES: This study investigated the implementation of training courses and the overall outlook for occupational and environmental medicine (OEM) in Korea. We described the problems facing OEM residency programs in Korea, and reviewed studies dealing with the specialty of occupational health in developed countries in order to suggest directions of improvement for the OEM training courses. METHODS: We surveyed 125 OEM residents using a questionnaire in August 2012. A total of 23 questions about the training environment, residency programs, preferred institutions for post-licensure employment, and the outlook for OEM specialists were included in the questionnaire and analyzed according to the type of training institution and residency year. Responses from 88 residents (70.4 %) were analyzed. RESULTS: The major responsibilities of OEM residents were found to vary depending on whether they were trained in research institutes or in hospitals. OEM residents had a lower level of satisfaction with the following training programs: toxicology practice (measurements of biological markers, metabolites, and working environments), and OEM practice (environmental diseases and clinical training involving surgery). When asked about their eventual place of employment, OEM residents preferred institutions providing special health examinations or health management services. OEM residents reported a positive outlook for OEM over the next 5 years, but a negative outlook for the next 10 years. CONCLUSIONS: Although a standardized training curriculum for OEM residents exists, this study found differences in the actual training courses depending on the training institution. We plan to standardize OEM training by holding a regional conference and introducing open training methods, such as an open hospital system. Use of Korean-language OEM textbook may also reduce differences in the educational programs of each training institution. Toxicology practice, environmental diseases, and clinical training in surgery are areas that particularly need improvement in OEM residency training programs.
Academies and Institutes ; Biological Markers ; Curriculum ; Developed Countries ; Education ; Employment ; Environmental Medicine* ; Internship and Residency* ; Korea* ; Occupational Health ; Specialization ; Toxicology

In order to solve the problems of traditional teaching model for medical statistics based on theoretical lecture, we developed new teaching model for medical statistics. The model was consisted of theoretical and practical lecture for 2nd grade of premedical students, Ewha Womans University. For theoretical lecture, we introduced basic concepts of medical statistics, data description and social survey method with questionnaire development. For practical lecture, we introduced the whole process from the selection for research topic to sampling, survey, data analysis, and report writing. Although students participated this class pointed out some trivial problems, they gave positive evaluation, particularly on practical lecture. We think this new model will be a good model and let medical students have ability to do medical research through basic knowledge and practical skill.
Surveys and Questionnaires ; Female ; Humans ; Linear Energy Transfer ; Schools, Medical* ; Statistics as Topic ; Students, Medical ; Students, Premedical ; Writing

To investigate the prevalence of asthma, allergic rhinitis, and eczema, we did a cross-sectional survey of 4,003 children aged 6-7 years (students in the 1st year of elementary school) and 4,112 students aged 13-14 years (students in the 1st year of middle school), chosen from a random sample of 45 primary and 40 middle schools across the nation. The Korean-translated modified version of the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) questionnaire was used in this survey. The weighted 12-month prevalence of asthma symptoms from the questionnaires was 10.3% (95% confidence interval [CI], 9.2 to 11.4) for children aged 6-7 years and 8.3% (95% CI, 7.4 to 9.2) for children aged 13-14 years. The weighted 12-month prevalence of allergic rhinoconjuctivitis symptoms was 18.9% (95% CI, 17.5 to 20.4) for children aged 6-7 years and 19.2% (95% CI, 17.9 to 20.6) for children aged 13-14 years. The weighted 12-month prevalence of eczema symptoms was 17.9% (95% CI, 16.6 to 19.3) for children aged 6-7 years and 11.2% (95% CI, 10.1 to 12.3) for children aged 13-14 years. Compared with results from a 2000 ISAAC study, the 12-month prevalence of asthma increased from 5.8% to 10.3% in children aged 6-7 years, but there was little change (from 8.7% to 8.3%) in children aged 13-14 years. The prevalence of allergic rhinoconjunctivitis and eczema has increased considerably in both age groups.
Aged ; Asthma ; Child ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Eczema ; Humans ; Hypersensitivity ; Prevalence ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Rhinitis ; Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial