Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a cluster of metabolic abnormalities that include hypertension, altered glucose metabolism, dyslipidemia, and abdominal obesity and is strongly associated with an increased risk for diabetes and cardiovascular disease onset in obese adults and children. A progressively greater number of children and adolescents are being affected by this syndrome due to the constant increase in the prevalence of obesity. Like obesity, childhood MetS highly tracks to adulthood. The pathogenesis of MetS includes the interaction between obesity, insulin resistance, and inflammation. Early diagnosis and intervention are important in order to conduct lifestyle modification. In this article, we review the definition and pathophysiology of MetS, the importance of screening, and prevention and treatment options for MetS in childhood.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to use a systematic review to investigate how infection control education has been designed, implemented and evaluated in undergraduate programs in nursing. Methods: This study was conducted base on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA). To search studies related to infection control education programs, Ovid-EMBASE, CINAHL, Pubmed, KoreaMed, KMBASE and KISS were used. A total of 2,306 studies were identified, and 13 studies were selected for final analysis. Results: Ten studies out of 13 were designed as pre-post, no control group, quasi-experimental study designs. Nosocomial infection and standard precautions related infection control education were the most frequently selected topics and online was the most common teaching-learning method. The infection control education programs showed significant effect on knowledge and attitude. The mean difference of 7 studies for knowledge was 5.1 (95% CI: 2.36, 8.67, p<.001) and the mean difference of 4 studies for attitude was 3.34 (95% CI: 0.12, 6.55, p<.001). Conclusion The results of this study indicate that infection control education effectively improves the knowledge, attitude and compliance of nursing students. Therefore, it is necessary to develop more specific educational programs that can reflect the changes of the times and the demands of clinical nurses.

Purpose: This study aimed to analyze the content and effectiveness of psychosocial support interventions for women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Methods: The following databases were searched with no limitation of the time period: Ovid-MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, Ovid-Embase, CINAHL, PsycINFO, NDSL, KoreaMed, RISS, and KISS. Two investigators independently reviewed and selected articles according to the predefined inclusion/exclusion criteria. ROB 2.0 and the RoBANS 2.0 checklist were used to evaluate study quality. Results: Based on the 14 selected studies, psychosocial support interventions were provided for the purpose of (1) informational support (including GDM and diabetes mellitus information; how to manage diet, exercise, stress, blood glucose, and weight; postpartum management; and prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus); (2) self-management motivation (setting goals for diet and exercise management, glucose monitoring, and enhancing positive health behaviors); (3) relaxation (practicing breathing and/or meditation); and (4) emotional support (sharing opinions and support). Psychosocial supportive interventions to women with GDM lead to behavioral change, mostly in the form of self-care behavior; they also reduce depression, anxiety and stress, and have an impact on improving self-efficacy. These interventions contribute to lowering physiological parameters such as fasting plasma glucose, glycated hemoglobin, and 2-hour postprandial glucose levels. Conclusion Psychosocial supportive interventions can indeed positively affect self-care behaviors, lifestyle changes, and physiological parameters in women with GDM. Nurses can play a pivotal role in integrative management and can streamline the care for women with GDM during pregnancy and following birth, especially through psychosocial support interventions.

Pediatric obesity has increased over the decades, and in particular, severe pediatric obesity has become a serious public health problem. A concern has arisen that the COVID-19 pandemic may exacerbate the incidence of childhood obesity.Current Concepts: The consequences of severe pediatric obesity are more devastating than those of moderate obesity. Children with severe obesity are at a greater risk for hypertension, type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, atherosclerosis, and adult obesity. Correct assessment and diagnosis of a child with severe obesity is key to successful therapy. A thorough history and physical examination are important in identifying monogenic obesity or metabolic syndrome. Eating behaviors and psychosocial factors should be assessed to improve weight management outcomes. Treatment options for severe pediatric obesity include lifestyle modification, pharmacotherapy, and metabolic and bariatric surgery. Even though progress has been made with regard to the treatment of obesity, safe and effective treatment of severe pediatric obesity is challenging.Discussion and Conclusion: More efforts and innovations are needed to find a solution for the huge medical and emotional burden the children with severe obesity and their families are enduring.

Pediatric obesity has increased over the decades, and in particular, severe pediatric obesity has become a serious public health problem. A concern has arisen that the COVID-19 pandemic may exacerbate the incidence of childhood obesity.Current Concepts: The consequences of severe pediatric obesity are more devastating than those of moderate obesity. Children with severe obesity are at a greater risk for hypertension, type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, atherosclerosis, and adult obesity. Correct assessment and diagnosis of a child with severe obesity is key to successful therapy. A thorough history and physical examination are important in identifying monogenic obesity or metabolic syndrome. Eating behaviors and psychosocial factors should be assessed to improve weight management outcomes. Treatment options for severe pediatric obesity include lifestyle modification, pharmacotherapy, and metabolic and bariatric surgery. Even though progress has been made with regard to the treatment of obesity, safe and effective treatment of severe pediatric obesity is challenging.Discussion and Conclusion: More efforts and innovations are needed to find a solution for the huge medical and emotional burden the children with severe obesity and their families are enduring.

Purpose: This study aimed to analyze the content and effectiveness of psychosocial support interventions for women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Methods: The following databases were searched with no limitation of the time period: Ovid-MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, Ovid-Embase, CINAHL, PsycINFO, NDSL, KoreaMed, RISS, and KISS. Two investigators independently reviewed and selected articles according to the predefined inclusion/exclusion criteria. ROB 2.0 and the RoBANS 2.0 checklist were used to evaluate study quality. Results: Based on the 14 selected studies, psychosocial support interventions were provided for the purpose of (1) informational support (including GDM and diabetes mellitus information; how to manage diet, exercise, stress, blood glucose, and weight; postpartum management; and prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus); (2) self-management motivation (setting goals for diet and exercise management, glucose monitoring, and enhancing positive health behaviors); (3) relaxation (practicing breathing and/or meditation); and (4) emotional support (sharing opinions and support). Psychosocial supportive interventions to women with GDM lead to behavioral change, mostly in the form of self-care behavior; they also reduce depression, anxiety and stress, and have an impact on improving self-efficacy. These interventions contribute to lowering physiological parameters such as fasting plasma glucose, glycated hemoglobin, and 2-hour postprandial glucose levels. Conclusion Psychosocial supportive interventions can indeed positively affect self-care behaviors, lifestyle changes, and physiological parameters in women with GDM. Nurses can play a pivotal role in integrative management and can streamline the care for women with GDM during pregnancy and following birth, especially through psychosocial support interventions.

The prevalence of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has been increasing, and the growing number of people with this disorder, especially the non-pediatric population, get prescriptions for this condition. However, controversies are also growing around this disease. In order to provide optimal treatment to a patient presumed to have adult ADHD, it is crucial to understand the implications of diagnosing and treating adult ADHD. We examined the history of ADHD and changes in the diagnostic criteria postulated by the DSM system (Part I), proposed a critical review on the concept of ADHD from various points of view and suggested the diagnostic and therapeutic implications of adult ADHD (Part II). This study may serve as a small cornerstone for a valid diagnosis and a proper treatment of ADHD, especially in the adult population.

The prevalence of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has been increasing, and the growing number of people with this disorder, especially the non-pediatric population, get prescriptions for this condition. However, controversies are also growing around this disease. To provide optimal treatment to a patient presumed to have adult ADHD, it is crucial to understand the implications of diagnosing and treating adult ADHD. In this article, we proposed a critical review on the concept of ADHD from various points of view and suggested the diagnostic and therapeutic implications of adult ADHD. This article will serve as a small cornerstone for a valid diagnosis and a proper treatment of ADHD, especially in the adult population.

Preserving dignity is a significant concern for individuals approaching the end of their lives, as they face an increasing number of conditions that can potentially compromise their dignity. This article discusses dignity therapy as one intervention method aimed at enhancing the psychological and spiritual well-being of patients with terminal illnesses. Dignity therapy is an empirically supported therapeutic intervention that interviews patients with nine questions about what is important to them and what they want to remember, culminating in the production of a document based on these conversations. This intervention serves as a valuable tool and framework, enabling clinical professionals to reflect on dignity. It also provides clinicians with a medium to connect with patients on a deeply human level.

The increasing prevalence of pediatric obesity over the past few decades has become a serious public health concern. Quarantine measures during the coronavirus disease pandemic have led to an increase in childhood obesity rates. Children with obesity are at greater risk for type 2 diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, polycystic ovary syndrome, obstructive sleep apnea, and adult obesity. Lifestyle modification therapy is the firstline treatment for pediatric obesity. Pharmacotherapy is the next logical treatment option in patients in whom lifestyle modifications alone are ineffective.Current Concepts: Anti-obesity medications for pediatric obesity include metformin, orlistat, glucagon-like peptide-1 agonists, phentermine, and phentermine/topiramate combination. Metformin, a medication used for type 2 diabetes has not been approved for treatment of pediatric obesity. Orlistat, a lipase inhibitor, prevents fat absorption from the human diet. Liraglutide, a glucagon-like peptide-1 agonist, is associated with decreased gastric emptying, increased satiety, and appetite suppression. Phentermine, a norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, is approved by the Food and Drug Administration for short-term treatment of patients aged >16 years. Phentermine/topiramate is a combination of the conventional anti-obesity medication, phentermine and an antiepileptic agent, topiramate that is commonly associated with weight loss as an adverse effect.Discussion and Conclusion: Anti-obesity treatment may serve as the next logical therapeutic option for pediatric obesity. However, sufficient lifestyle modification therapy should be attempted before considering medication, and anti-obesity medications should preferably be used in combination with lifestyle modifications. Monitoring growth and pubertal development during anti-obesity treatment is essential to ensure healthy development of children and adolescents.