The use of chatbot technology, particularly chat generative pre-trained transformer (ChatGPT) with an impressive 175 billion parameters, has garnered significant attention across various domains, including Obstetrics and Gynecology (OBGYN). This comprehensive review delves into the transformative potential of chatbots with a special focus on ChatGPT as a leading artificial intelligence (AI) technology. Moreover, ChatGPT harnesses the power of deep learning algorithms to generate responses that closely mimic human language, opening up myriad applications in medicine, research, and education. In the field of medicine, ChatGPT plays a pivotal role in diagnosis, treatment, and personalized patient education. Notably, the technology has demonstrated remarkable capabilities, surpassing human performance in OBGYN examinations, and delivering highly accurate diagnoses. However, challenges remain, including the need to verify the accuracy of the information and address the ethical considerations and limitations. In the wide scope of chatbot technology, AI systems play a vital role in healthcare processes, including documentation, diagnosis, research, and education. Although promising, the limitations and occasional inaccuracies require validation by healthcare professionals. This review also examined global chatbot adoption in healthcare, emphasizing the need for user awareness to ensure patient safety. Chatbot technology holds great promise in OBGYN and medicine, offering innovative solutions while necessitating responsible integration to ensure patient care and safety.

No abstract available.
Education ; Humans ; Korea ; Licensure ; Medical Record Administrators ; Medical Records

BACKGROUND: The most important reason for pre-operative administration of medication is to reduce anxiety. Alleviation of fear and anxiety about surgery enables patients to remain comfortable during treatment. Dexmedetomidine (DEX) is a fast-acting drug that is used as a premedication in different circumstances because it has sedative and anti-anxiolytic effects, and stable hemodynamics. It also has the advantage of intranasal administration. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects and hemodynamic stability of DEX by retrospectively analyzing cases in which DEX was administered nasally as a premedication. METHODS: Ten patients treated at Dankook University Dental Hospital, recruited between February and April 2015, received intranasal delivery of 2 µg/kg DEX, 30 minutes prior to general anesthesia. Anesthesia records of anxiety, blood pressure, respiration, pulse, estimated arterial oxygen saturation (SpO2), and partial pressure, or maximum concentration, of carbon dioxide (ETCO2) were analyzed. RESULTS: Administration of DEX prior to a general anesthetic effectively relieved anxiety. Respiratory depression, the most severe adverse effect of other sedatives, was not observed. Hemodynamic stability under general anesthesia was maintained during treatment and a reduction in emergence delirium was observed upon completion of treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Premedication administration of DEX is safe for pediatric patients undergoing dental treatment under general anesthesia.
Administration, Intranasal* ; Anesthesia ; Anesthesia, General* ; Anesthetics ; Anxiety ; Blood Pressure ; Carbon Dioxide ; Delirium ; Dexmedetomidine* ; Hemodynamics ; Humans ; Hypnotics and Sedatives ; Oxygen ; Partial Pressure ; Premedication* ; Respiration ; Respiratory Insufficiency ; Retrospective Studies

PURPOSE: To analyze the related sonographic findings and to determine the value of sonography in establishing the diagnosis of acute osteomyelitis in infants. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The sonographic findings of eleven infants aged 10 days-4 months (mean, 45 days) with acute osteomyelitis were retrospectively evaluated. The involved bones were the femur (n=5), humerus (n=2), tibia (n=2), rib(n=1), sternum(n=1), and calcaneus(n=1). Discontinuity or destruction of cortical margins, echotexture of the metaphysis and epiphysis, the presence of subperiosteal hypoechoic lesion, adjacent soft tissue swelling, distension of the joint capsule, the echotexture of joint effusion, and dislocation or subluxation of the involved joint were evaluated. The sonographic findings were compared with the plain radiographic (n=12) and MR (n=5) findings, with special attention to the identification of the metaphyseal or epiphyseal bony lesions and the involvement of adjacent joints. RESULTS: The sonographic findings of osteomyelitis were cortical discontinuity or destruction (n=12), hypoechoic lesions with an echogenic rim in the metaphysis (n=12), subperiosteal hypoechoic lesions (n=8), soft tissue swelling (n=9), a distended hip joint, with echogenic fluid (n=5), ill-demarcated echogenic lesions in the capital femoral epiphysis (n=5), and a subluxated hip joint (n=3). Plain radiographs revealed well or ill-defined osteolytic lesions in the metaphysis, accompanied by cortical destruction (n=8), new periosteal bone formation (n=3) and reactive sclerosis (n=2). Abnormality of the femoral epiphyses and joint involvement were not detected on plain radiographs, and in four cases no abnormality was noted. MR imaging showed that at T1WI, affected bony lesions were of low signal intensity and enhanced, with high signal intensity at T2WI. In all cases, both metaphyseal and epiphyseal lesions were demonstrated at MRI, but in one of the three cases in which an epiphyseal lesion was seen at MRI, this was not detected at US. CONCLUSION: Sonography is not only more sensitive than radiography in evaluating metaphyseal bony lesions but also useful in assessing concomitant joint and epiphyseal involvement of acute osteomyelitis in infants. Sonography is, therefore, a useful additional diagnostic tool for the early detection and management of acute osteomyelitis in infants.
Diagnosis ; Dislocations ; Epiphyses ; Femur ; Hip Joint ; Humans ; Humerus ; Infant* ; Joint Capsule ; Joints ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Osteogenesis ; Osteomyelitis* ; Radiography ; Retrospective Studies ; Sclerosis ; Tibia ; Ultrasonography*

Here, we describe a case of Turner syndrome first diagnosed at 61 years of age. The patient’s chief complaint was general edema. A cardiologist was consulted, who performed echocardiogram and coronary heart computed tomography. Chromosomal analysis yielded inconclusive results for Turner syndrome. The patient’s karyotype was 45,X[17]/46,X,psu idic(Y)(q11.23), and she was referred to a gynecologist a time span. The patient was nulliparous with no history of sexual contact. We performed a prophylactic gonadectomy, but no malignancy was detected pathologically.

OBJECTIVES: Adolescent depression and suicidality are serious health problems worldwide. Lower plain water intake has been proposed as a risk factor for depression in adults. This study investigated the association of daily plain water intake with self-reported depression and suicidality among Korean adolescents. METHODS: We used nationwide data from 112,250 students aged 12-18 years who participated in the Korean Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Surveys in 2019 and 2020. Daily plain water intake was categorized as <1 glass, 1-2 glasses, and ≥3 glasses. The adjusted odds ratios (aORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for self-reported depression and suicidality were calculated using multiple regression analyses. RESULTS: The weighted prevalence rates of self-reported depression, suicidal ideation, suicide planning, and suicide attempts were 26.7%, 12.0%, 3.8%, and 2.5%, respectively. Of the participants, 3.9%, 18.5%, and 77.7% were categorized into the <1 glass/day, 1-2 glass/day, and ≥3 glass/day groups, respectively. Compared to the reference group (≥3 glass/day), the lowest level of water intake (<1 glass/day) was associated with higher odds of self-reported depression (aOR, 1.30; 95% CI, 1.20 to 1.39), suicidal ideation (aOR, 1.39; 95% CI, 1.27 to 1.55), suicide planning (aOR, 1.46; 95% CI, 1.25 to 1.69), and suicide attempts (aOR, 1.38; 95% CI, 1.15 to 1.67). Moderately lower water intake (1-2 glass/day) showed slightly increased odds of self-reported depression (aOR, 1.05; 95% CI, 1.01 to 1.10) and suicidal ideation (aOR, 1.08; 95% CI, 1.03 to 1.14). CONCLUSIONS Lower plain water intake was significantly associated with a higher risk of self-reported depression and suicidality among Korean adolescents. Since this cross-sectional study is unable to establish a causal relationship, it underscores the need for additional longitudinal research.

Purpose: This study examined the impact of adolescents’ dietary behavior on their quality of life using the nutrition quotient for adolescents (NQ-A) for some high school students in Seoul. Methods: The subjects were 176 high school students living in Seoul. The NQ-A was used to assess the dietary quality, and the quality of life was assessed by categorizing it into life satisfaction, environment, health, participation and safety, leisure activities, and emotional factors using survey questions validated through previous studies. Results: The NQ score of the survey subjects was 49.30 points. Based on the NQ scores, 7.4%, 46.6%, and 46.0% of participants were categorized as the ‘high’, ‘medium’, and ‘low’ groups, respectively. The total NQ score and balance, diversity, and practice factor scores were positively correlated with life satisfaction, environment, health, participation and safety, and leisure activities among the quality of life subscales. Regression analysis showed that the total NQ score was positively associated with life satisfaction, health, leisure activities, and emotions; the moderation factor was negatively associated with life satisfaction and health. The balance factor was positively associated with the environmental factor. The practice factor was positively associated with health, leisure activities, and emotions, and the environment factor was negatively associated with emotions. Conclusion These results show that adolescents’ quality of life is closely related to their diet, so it is necessary to maintain a balanced and varied food intake and desirable eating behaviors to improve adolescents’ quality of life. Furthermore, adolescents’ quality of life is influenced by other factors. Therefore, further research is needed to assess the quality of life, including dietary factors, as well as physical, emotional, psychological, and social development.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the odontoblast gene expression related to the subculture speed of supernumerary dental pulp stem cells (sDPSCs). The stem cell is undifferentiated cells which has the ability to differentiate into various cells. Specific stimulation or environment induces cell differentiation, and these differentiation leads to bone or muscle formation.20 sDPSCs were obtained from 20 children under aseptic condition. During the culture through the 10th passage, the third passage cells which showed short subculture period and 10th passage cells which showed long subculture period were earned. Each cell was divided into differentiated group and non-differentiated group. Quantitative real-time polychain reaction (q-RT-PCR) was performed for each group. The genes related to odontoblast differentiation, Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP), Osteocalcin (OCN), Osteonectin (ONT), Dentin sialophosphoprotein (DSPP) and Dentin matrix acidic phosphoprotein 1 (DMP-1), were measured.Differentiated cells showed more gene expression levels. Undifferentiated cells showed higher gene expression level in 10th passages but differentiated cells showed higher gene expression level in 3rd passages. Cells that showed faster subculture period showed relatively lower gene expression level except for OCN and DSPP.
Alkaline Phosphatase ; Cell Differentiation ; Child ; Dental Pulp ; Dentin ; Gene Expression ; Humans ; Odontoblasts ; Osteocalcin ; Osteonectin ; Pilot Projects ; Stem Cells

PURPOSE: To evaluate the scanning parameters affecting the apparent sizes of endoluminal lesions of thetracheobronchial tree, as seen on virtual bronchoscopy(VB), and to determine the optimal CT parameters fordemonstrating the real sizes of endobronchial lesions. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Spherical beads of 8 mm - 10 mmdiameter were randomly placed in the airways of fixed pig lung. CT scans were obtained with collimation and pitchof 3 mm/1, 3 mm/1.5, and 5mm/1, respec-tively. Volumetric data were reconstructed with 1mm-, 1.5 mm-, and2mm-collimation for each parameter. VBs were reconstructed with shaded-surface technique and soft tissuealgorithm. A 10mm-sized bead in the trachea and two 8 mm-sized beads in the left main bronchus were selected andtheir longest diameters were measured on VB at varying thresholds from -800 to -2 00HU. RESULTS: When themeasured diameters of beads on VB were recorded as the percentage of real sizes, they were 1) 78.9 %, 77.5%, and73.7% at collimations and pitches of 3 mm/1, 3mm/1.5, and 5 mm/1, respectively; 2) 77.9 %, 76.9 %, and 75.1 % at 1mm, 1.5 mm and 2 mm reconstructions, respectively; 3) 86.2 % / 83.4% / 80.4% / 77.0% / 74.8% / 70.2% / 64.5% atisosurface thresholds of -8 0 0 /-7 0 0 /-6 0 0 /-5 0 0 /-4 0 0 /-3 0 0 /-200HU, re-spectively; 4) 85.6 %, 75.0 %,69.3% at 23 mm, 17 mm and 11mm luminal diameters of lesion location, respectively. CONCLUSION: Overall, thediameters of endobronchial lesions are underestimated on VB. As the isosurface threshold values, collimations,pitches and reconstruction interuals decrease in size, the measured diameters approach to real diameter of thebeads. Beads in peripheral airways appear smaller than those in proximal airways.
Bronchi ; Bronchoscopy* ; Lung ; Phenobarbital ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed ; Trachea