OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to develop a health information web site evaluation categories with items for diabetes mellitus in order to offer verified health information, and to propose directions for development of web sites. METHODS: A preliminary evaluation categories with items was developed using domestic and foreign web site evaluation standards for health information and through a review of the literature. The evaluation categories with items was composed of 'evaluation for web site attributes' and 'evaluation for content information on diabetes mellitus'. Through expert validity tests and a feasibility test of the preliminary tool, the health information Web site evaluation tool for diabetes mellitus was finalized. RESULTS: This evaluation categories with items included 'evaluation for web site attributes' and 'evaluation for content information on diabetes mellitus'. 'Evaluation for web site attributes' included 8 categories with 28 items. The 'evaluation for content information on diabetes mellitus' included 7 categories with 40 items. 'Evaluation component for content' and 'evaluation of category content' included 4 items on 'accuracy', 6 on 'harmfulness' and 3 on 'comprehensibility'. CONCLUSION: From this study guidelines are propose for providing health information for diabetes mellitus, so that health information providers will be able to offer consumers verified good quality health information themselves.
Diabetes Mellitus*

Computer-Assisted Instruction(CAI) is one kind of teaching method to teach leaners knowledge, attitude, and technical aspect of course contents through utilizing a computer as a learning material. CAI is focused on the concept of interaction and individualized learning. Thus in teaching and learning process CAI is considered the individual differences of learners. And learners can study course contents repeatedly through utilizing courseware. Based on the importance of individualized learning program through utilizing a computer the courseware of infection control was developed to acquire and apply the appropriate knowledge for controlling infection for learners.
Individuality ; Infection Control* ; Learning ; Teaching

No abstract available.
Desmin* ; Intermediate Filament Proteins* ; Intermediate Filaments* ; Muscle, Skeletal* ; Muscular Diseases* ; Sciatic Nerve* ; Vimentin*

BACKGROUND: The epidermis and adnexal epithelium might express different types of keratin (K) during fetal development. OBJECTIVE: The objective is to observe the distribution of K8/18 in the skin of fetuses and to find out the distinction of expressions of K8/18 during fetal development. METHODS: Immunohistochemical analysis was applied to the skin of the scalp and sole of 42 fetuses ranging from 10 to 39 weeks of gestation. Immunohistochemical staining with monoclonal antibodies with CAM5.2 using LSAB kit against K8/18 was conducted. RESULTS: In the skin of the scalp, K8/18 was expressed in the periderm and basal layer of epidermis from the 10th week to the 31st week of fetal gestation. K8/18 was expressed in the hair germ, bulge and basal cells of fetal the infundibulum and sebaceous glands. Root sheath cells were weakly positive but matrix cells were negative. The expression of K8/18 was negative in the basal layer of the sole. Merkel cells, which are located in the basal layer and upper dermis, were positive from the 12th week of gestation. Terminal eccrine ducts and acinar cells were positive after the 20th week of gestation. CONCLUSION: K8/18 in the skin of the scalp and sole of fetuses were expressed in different ways. The expression of K8/18 in the basal cells of the sole were negative while basal cells of the epidermis of the scalp were positive transiently from the 12th to the 31st week of gestation. Early hair germ cells and bulge cells were expressed strongly in hair follicles. Terminal eccrine ducts and acini were expressed strongly in the eccrine gland. Merkel cells located in the basal layer and papillary dermis also express K8/18.
Acinar Cells ; Antibodies, Monoclonal ; Dermis ; Eccrine Glands ; Epidermis ; Epithelium ; Fetal Development ; Fetus ; Germ Cells ; Hair ; Hair Follicle ; Merkel Cells ; Molecular Weight* ; Pregnancy ; Scalp ; Sebaceous Glands ; Skin*

We studied the intradural variations of spinal nerve rootlets in 100 cases of Korean adults. The results of the study are as follows ; 1. The incidence of intrasegmental variations (abberrant rootlets) is high in cervical segments and decreased toward lumbosacral segments. The incidence is higher in posterior rootlets than anterior, except cervical sesments. 2. The incidence of intersegmental variations is higher in posterior rootlets than anterior, and generally high in cervical and lumbar segments. 3. We divide the intersegmental variations into supernumerary rootlets, dividing rootlets, and anastomosing rootlets, and among them the incidence of anastomosing rootlets is higher. We divide the anastomosing rootlets into parallel anastomosing rootlets, uniting anastomosing rootlets, and rearrangement anastomosing rootlets. 4. The anterior to posterior anastomosing of spinal nerve rootlet is present in 4 of cases studied.
Adult ; Humans ; Incidence ; Spinal Nerves*

This project developed a neural network based on nursing diagnoses among 98 nursing diagnoses Korea Nurses Association recommended when related factors and clinical signs are entered. This nursing diagnosis system consists of five sub-systems: data-input system from which a nurse can obtain knowledge from experts; data-base system in which nurses can manage statistical data; inference support system which provides learning effect; inference system which increases inference ability of nurses using existing data and nursing diagnoses data; and result-retrieve system in which nurses can look at the outcomes of nursing process. This nursing diagnosis system provides a interface which enables maintenance and revision easier as well as to induce a diagnosis through the communication between the nurse and the patient. In addition, this system makes nurses determine the nursing diagnoses in a more accurate manner by linking the learning effect of the system whit intra-neural network algorithm. This nursing diagnosis system will assist nurses to provide foster and more accurate way to implement nursing diagnosis.
Diagnosis ; Humans ; Information Systems* ; Korea ; Learning ; Nursing Diagnosis* ; Nursing Process* ; Nursing*

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to determine whether or not the shed endometrial tissues in menstrual fluid (MF) have adhesive potentials, using human amniotic membrane (AM). METHODS: The MF from 20 patients with regular menstruation was collected with Wallace catheter by aspiration from the uterine cavity on the second or third day of the menstrual period. The AM was obtained from the placenta of term delivery without any complication. The MF was washed and diluted fivefold with Hams F-10 medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum. The cell suspension was placed on either epithelial layer (EP) or extracellular matrix layer (ECM) of the AM. After 5 days of culture, the adhesion sites were observed under a stereomicroscope. For histological observation, each cultured AM was prepared for the serial paraffin section. RESULTS: The adhesion sites of endometrial tissues in MF were found both ECM (20/20) and EP (11/20) of the AM. The size of adhesion sites in each AM were highly variable from microscopic to macroscopic size. CONCLUSION: We found that the shed endometrial tissues in MF have adhesive potential to epithelial layer in addition to extracellular matrix layer of amniotic membrane. This adhesive potential may be related to pathogenesis of endometriosis. We suggest that this culture system can be useful as an in-vitro model for endometriosis.
Adhesives* ; Amnion* ; Catheters ; Endometriosis* ; Extracellular Matrix ; Female ; Humans ; Menstruation ; Paraffin ; Placenta

Congenital myotonic dystrophy is an inherited, autosomal dominant disease that results in a progressive wasting of the skeletal muscle, and sometimes heart and smooth muscles in human. In the newborn period, an affected infant is profoundly weak, has difficulty in sucking and swallowing, and may have severe respiratory difficulties. Myotonia is not a feature of the condition at this stage. Motor development is usually delayed in these children, and they may show some signs of mental retardation. Generally, the condition improves through the early years but deteriorates during late childhood and adolescence, when the 'adult' features of the disease gradually emerge. The gene defect responsible for myotonic dystrophy has proved to be a region of unstable fragment of DNA on chromosome 19. An expansion of a CTG(cytosinethymine-guanine) repeat in the 3'-untranslated region of a protein kinase gene contributes to the development of myotonic dystrophy. We have diagnosed and experienced a case of congenital myotonic dystrophy in a neonate with the chief complaint of respiratory difficulty and apnea. So we report the case and the brief review of related literatures.
Adolescent ; Apnea ; Child ; Chromosomes, Human, Pair 19 ; Deglutition ; DNA ; Heart ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Intellectual Disability ; Molecular Biology* ; Muscle, Skeletal ; Muscle, Smooth ; Myotonia ; Myotonic Dystrophy* ; Protein Kinases

PURPOSE: To clarify the distribution of joint effusion, and the relationship between type of injury andamount of joint effusion seen in traumatic knee joint magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Weretrospectively reviewed the MR images of 400 patients with traumatic knee joint effusion. The knee joint spacewas divided into four compartments: central portion (para-ACL, para-PCL), suprapatellar pouch, posterior femoralrecess, and subpopliteal recess, and we then compared the amount and distribution of effusion. For statisticalanalysis, the chi-square test was used. RESULTS: Among 400 MRI examinations of joint effusion, 383 knees (96%)showed homogeneous low intensity on T1-weighted images, and - except for ten cases of fluid-fluid levels-homogeneous high intensity on T2-weighted images. Knee joint effusion was clearly shown to be distributed mainlyin the suprapatellar pouch (345, 86%), followed by the central posterior femoral recess, and the subpoplitealrecess (p<0.001). Extensive joint effusion was less frequently found in the normal group, but was occasionallyfound in the combined injury group (p<0.001). The relationship between amount of joint effusion and type ofinjury was statistically significant (p<0.001), except in the case of medial and lateral collateral ligamentinjury. CONCLUSIONS: The distribution of joint effusion in patients with traumatic knee disorders is a reflectionof anatomic communication, and whether the amount of joint effusion was small or large depended on the anatomicallocation and type of injury.
Humans ; Joints* ; Knee Joint* ; Knee* ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging

OBJECTIVE: Chronic subdural hematoma (cSDH) is common condition in neurosurgical field. It is difficult to select the treatment modality between the surgical method and the conservative method when patients have no or mild symptoms. The purpose of this study is to provide a suggestion that the patients could be cured with conservative treatment modality. METHODS: We enrolled 16 patients who had received conservative treatment for cSDH without special medications which could affect hematoma resolution such as mannitol, steroids, tranexamic acid and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors. The patients were classified according to the Markwalder's Grading Scale. RESULTS: Among these 16 patients, 13 (81.3%) patients showed spontaneously resolved cSDH and 3 (18.7%) patients received surgery due to symptom aggravation and growing hematoma. They were categorized into two groups based on whether they were cured with conservative treatment or not. The first group was the spontaneous resolution group. The second group was the progression-surgery group. The mean hematoma volume in the spontaneous resolution group was 43.1 mL. The mean degree of midline shift in the spontaneous resolution group was 5.3 mm. The mean hematoma volume in the progression-surgery group was 62.0 mL. The mean degree of midline shift in the second group was 6 mm. CONCLUSION: We suggest that the treatment modality should be determined according to the patient's symptoms and clinical condition and close observation could be performed in patients who do not have any symptoms or in patients who have mild to moderate headache without neurological deterioration.
Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors ; Headache ; Hematoma ; Hematoma, Subdural, Chronic* ; Humans ; Mannitol ; Methods ; Steroids ; Tranexamic Acid