OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the changing pattern of serum leptin level and the correlation between estradiol level during the clomiphene citrate challenge test(CCCT) or controlled ovarian hyperstimulation(COH) cycle. METHODS: Twenty-seven women who underwent CCCT and fourteen women who underwent controlled ovarian hyperstimulation were recruited to measure the serum leptin level. After correction of serum concentration with body mass index(BMI), changes of leptin level and correlation with serum estradiol level during CCCT and COH cycle were analyzed. RESULTS: Circulating leptin levels were significantly correlated with BMI at each time point in CCCT cycle(P<0.01). In CCCT cycle, leptin/BMI level was significantly increased at midluteal phase compared to that of menstrual cycle day 3 and 10(p<0.05). In women with regular menstruation, leptin/BMI level at midluteal phase was significantly higher than that of menstrual day 3 and 10, but this difference was not seen in women with irregular menstruation. The leptin/BMI level in COH cycle showed increasing tendency throughout ovarian stimulation. But there was no significant correlation between leptin/BMI and estradiol level in CCCT and COH cycle. CONCLUSION: There is a significant correlation between BMI and circulating leptin level. Midluteal leptin level is significantly higher than that of follicular phase in CCCT cycle, and there is an increasing tendency in leptin level after ovarian stimulation in CCCT and COH cycle without statistical significance. These findings suggest that circulating estradiol concentration has no major influence on circulating leptin level.
Clomiphene* ; Estradiol ; Female ; Follicular Phase ; Humans ; Leptin* ; Menstrual Cycle ; Menstruation ; Ovulation Induction

Fetal echocardiography is used by means of decleration of fetal cardiac anaztomy, to estabilish the diagnosis of congenital heart disease in utero. We attemped fetal echocardiography to ninty three pregnant women after intra uterine period 24 weeks, and estimated cardiac circumference, cardiac axis, pulmonary atery root diameter, arortic root diameter, diameter of inferior vena cava, diameter of superior ve studied how these estimates associate with following gestational na cava, and fractional shortening of ventricles. We ages. Cardiac axis was on the average 37.28 degree and cardiac apex was located in anterior left side of chest area. Aortic root diameter was 0.227 GA-0.043mm (GA=gestational age) at systolic phase, 0.203 GA+0.421mm at diastolic phase. Pulmonaly root diameter was 0.271 GA-0.029mm at systolic phase, 0.251 GA-0.067mm at diastolic phase. Thoracic aorta diameter was 0.195 GA+0.109mm at systolic phase, 0.198 GA+0.794mm at diastolic phase. Fractional shortening was 0.24 (1 Standard Deviation=0.11) in right ventricle, 0.23(1 SD=0.154) at left ventricle, and so ratio of right and left ventricle was 1.04(1 SD=0.51). Once normal fetal cardiac anatomy is understood, structural defects and/or alternation of function can be evaluated antenatally.
Aorta, Thoracic ; Axis, Cervical Vertebra ; Diagnosis ; Echocardiography* ; Female ; Heart Defects, Congenital ; Heart Ventricles ; Humans ; Pregnant Women ; Thorax ; Vena Cava, Inferior

BACKGROUND: Childhood obesity that has been increasing in Korea is influenced by the environment and life style. The aim of this study is to measure the prevalence of childhood obesity in a rural city and to compare the food habit and life style of obese children with normal children. METHODS: We made 13 conventional samples of primary school and attached kindergarten located in Asan city, ChungNam, in 1999. We surveyed height, weight, food habits and the life style related to obesity with a self report questionnaire. The criteria of obese children were over 120% of ideal body weight which is defined as the 50th percentile of weight for Korean children of the same height and sex in 1998, and over 95th percentile of body mass index of Korean children in 1998. RESULTS: The subjects were 1,449 children among 2,117 respondents. The prevalence of obese children by relative weight method was 11.3%, and that of male children was 12.4% and that of female children was 10.1%. The prevalence of obese children by body mass index method was 7.1% in male and 8.1% in female. The younger in both male and female, the higher the obesity prevalence was. The food habits that showed significant difference between normal and obese children were eating rapidly and outdoor activity. Obese children had fewer bad habits than normal. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of childhood obesity in Asan city was 11.3%, and lower than that in Seoul. The gravest concern in food habits of obese children was eating rapidly.
Body Mass Index ; Child* ; Chungcheongnam-do* ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Eating ; Female ; Food Habits* ; Humans ; Ideal Body Weight ; Korea ; Life Style ; Male ; Obesity* ; Pediatric Obesity ; Prevalence* ; Self Report ; Seoul

No abstract available.
Sterilization, Tubal*

No abstract available.
Humans ; Hepatectomy ; Retrospective Studies ; Prospective Studies ; Length of Stay ; Living Donors ; Patient Selection ; Abdominal Wall ; Tissue and Organ Harvesting ; Neoplasms ; Liver Cirrhosis

No abstract available.
Bony Callus* ; Coinfection* ; Epidermal Cyst*

Invasive fungal sinusitis is common in immunodeficiency patients and can spread into the orbit or intracranial cavity. The Onodi cell, which is one of the anatomical variations of the ethmoid sinus, refers to the space that has been pneumatized superolateral to the sphenoid sinus. We experienced a case of invasive fungal sinusitis that caused vision loss by invading the Onodi cells. Endoscopic sinus surgery and antifungal treatment successfully recovered the patient’s vision and we herein report on the case with a review of the literature.

Epiphora is a symptom in which tears overflow onto the face, with its most common cause being the obstruction of the nasolacrimal system. As a cause of nasolacrimal system obstruction, nasolacrimal duct tumors are very rare. Angioleiomyoma, which is a benign tumor, arises from vascular smooth muscle, occurs in the nasolacrimal duct, and is extremely rare. With the development of endoscopic intranasal approach for the treatment of nasolacrimal duct obstruction, there is increased importance for the consideration of otorhinolaryngological evaluation and treatment as well as dacryocystorhinostomy by conventional external approach. In this article, we introduce a case in which angioleiomyoma in the nasolacrimal duct was detected by nasal endoscopy and was successfully treated with endoscopic surgery.

PURPOSE: V.A.C. is a new concept which is closed dressing with negative pressure to promote wound healing. It has been widely used as the treatment of chronic and acute wounds such as pressure sores, burns, stasis ulcers, and other complicated wounds. However It has disadvantages such as high cost and the need of specific equipment. In this article, we described new method to overcome these disadvantages. METHODS: We made newly innovated equipment with 50cc syringe and spring to create negative pressure. From May 2006 to May 2007, we applied it to two patients with chronic wound. RESULTS: The treatment period was 5 weeks for one case and 3 weeks for the other case. Both patients were healed completely without admission and wound healing was accelerated. During follow-ups, there were no complications. The mean cost for single dressing was 9,590 won. CONCLUSION: Modified portable negative therapy using newly innovated equipment could accelerate wound healing better than conventional dressing. It lowers the number of dressings, saves cost of treatment, and enables treatment as outpatient basis.
Bandages ; Burns ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Negative-Pressure Wound Therapy ; Outpatients ; Pressure Ulcer ; Syringes ; Varicose Ulcer ; Wound Healing

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of propofol-fentanyl anesthesia in comparison with fentanyl alone on the functional recovery of postischemic reperfused myocardium and on the incidence of ischemia-reperfusion arrhythmia in an open-chest canine model. METHODS: Dogs were subjected to 15 minutes of left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) occlusion followed by 3 hour of reperfusion during fentanyl (n=12) or propofol plus fentanyl (n=11) anesthesia. Regional myocardial contractility was evaluated using systolic shortening (%SS), the preload recruitable stroke work slope (Mw), intramyocardial pressure (IMPs), and regional stroke work area (RSWA). RESULTS: Dogs anesthetized with propofol-fentanyl had a significantly lower regional (%SS, Mw, IMPs, and RSWA) and global myocardial contractility (cardiac index, mean aortic pressure and left ventricular dP/dt) than fentanyl anesthetized dogs during pre-occlusion baseline. LAD occlusion produced a significant reduction in the regional contractile functions (%SS, Mw, IMPs, and RSWA) in both groups. During reperfusion, gradual return of the regional contractile functions (%SS, Mw, IMPs, RSWA) toward their respective baselines were observed without any differences between the groups. However, ventricular fibrillation associated with LAD occlusion was lower in the propofol-fentanyl group than in the fentanyl group (zero vs 33%, p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Propofol supplementation over moderate-dose fentanyl reduces reperfusion arrhythmia during coronary occlusion and subsequent reperfusion but does not improve functional recovery of post-ischemic, reperfused myocardium compared with high-dose fentanyl anesthesia in dogs.
Anesthesia* ; Animals ; Arrhythmias, Cardiac ; Arterial Pressure ; Coronary Occlusion ; Coronary Vessels ; Dogs* ; Fentanyl* ; Incidence ; Myocardial Stunning* ; Myocardium ; Propofol ; Reperfusion ; Stroke ; Ventricular Fibrillation