BACKGROUND: Childhood obesity that has been increasing in Korea is influenced by the environment and life style. The aim of this study is to measure the prevalence of childhood obesity in a rural city and to compare the food habit and life style of obese children with normal children. METHODS: We made 13 conventional samples of primary school and attached kindergarten located in Asan city, ChungNam, in 1999. We surveyed height, weight, food habits and the life style related to obesity with a self report questionnaire. The criteria of obese children were over 120% of ideal body weight which is defined as the 50th percentile of weight for Korean children of the same height and sex in 1998, and over 95th percentile of body mass index of Korean children in 1998. RESULTS: The subjects were 1,449 children among 2,117 respondents. The prevalence of obese children by relative weight method was 11.3%, and that of male children was 12.4% and that of female children was 10.1%. The prevalence of obese children by body mass index method was 7.1% in male and 8.1% in female. The younger in both male and female, the higher the obesity prevalence was. The food habits that showed significant difference between normal and obese children were eating rapidly and outdoor activity. Obese children had fewer bad habits than normal. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of childhood obesity in Asan city was 11.3%, and lower than that in Seoul. The gravest concern in food habits of obese children was eating rapidly.
Body Mass Index ; Child* ; Chungcheongnam-do* ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Eating ; Female ; Food Habits* ; Humans ; Ideal Body Weight ; Korea ; Life Style ; Male ; Obesity* ; Pediatric Obesity ; Prevalence* ; Self Report ; Seoul

No abstract available.
Sterilization, Tubal*

No abstract available.
Humans ; Hepatectomy ; Retrospective Studies ; Prospective Studies ; Length of Stay ; Living Donors ; Patient Selection ; Abdominal Wall ; Tissue and Organ Harvesting ; Neoplasms ; Liver Cirrhosis

Fetal echocardiography is used by means of decleration of fetal cardiac anaztomy, to estabilish the diagnosis of congenital heart disease in utero. We attemped fetal echocardiography to ninty three pregnant women after intra uterine period 24 weeks, and estimated cardiac circumference, cardiac axis, pulmonary atery root diameter, arortic root diameter, diameter of inferior vena cava, diameter of superior ve studied how these estimates associate with following gestational na cava, and fractional shortening of ventricles. We ages. Cardiac axis was on the average 37.28 degree and cardiac apex was located in anterior left side of chest area. Aortic root diameter was 0.227 GA-0.043mm (GA=gestational age) at systolic phase, 0.203 GA+0.421mm at diastolic phase. Pulmonaly root diameter was 0.271 GA-0.029mm at systolic phase, 0.251 GA-0.067mm at diastolic phase. Thoracic aorta diameter was 0.195 GA+0.109mm at systolic phase, 0.198 GA+0.794mm at diastolic phase. Fractional shortening was 0.24 (1 Standard Deviation=0.11) in right ventricle, 0.23(1 SD=0.154) at left ventricle, and so ratio of right and left ventricle was 1.04(1 SD=0.51). Once normal fetal cardiac anatomy is understood, structural defects and/or alternation of function can be evaluated antenatally.
Aorta, Thoracic ; Axis, Cervical Vertebra ; Diagnosis ; Echocardiography* ; Female ; Heart Defects, Congenital ; Heart Ventricles ; Humans ; Pregnant Women ; Thorax ; Vena Cava, Inferior

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the changing pattern of serum leptin level and the correlation between estradiol level during the clomiphene citrate challenge test(CCCT) or controlled ovarian hyperstimulation(COH) cycle. METHODS: Twenty-seven women who underwent CCCT and fourteen women who underwent controlled ovarian hyperstimulation were recruited to measure the serum leptin level. After correction of serum concentration with body mass index(BMI), changes of leptin level and correlation with serum estradiol level during CCCT and COH cycle were analyzed. RESULTS: Circulating leptin levels were significantly correlated with BMI at each time point in CCCT cycle(P<0.01). In CCCT cycle, leptin/BMI level was significantly increased at midluteal phase compared to that of menstrual cycle day 3 and 10(p<0.05). In women with regular menstruation, leptin/BMI level at midluteal phase was significantly higher than that of menstrual day 3 and 10, but this difference was not seen in women with irregular menstruation. The leptin/BMI level in COH cycle showed increasing tendency throughout ovarian stimulation. But there was no significant correlation between leptin/BMI and estradiol level in CCCT and COH cycle. CONCLUSION: There is a significant correlation between BMI and circulating leptin level. Midluteal leptin level is significantly higher than that of follicular phase in CCCT cycle, and there is an increasing tendency in leptin level after ovarian stimulation in CCCT and COH cycle without statistical significance. These findings suggest that circulating estradiol concentration has no major influence on circulating leptin level.
Clomiphene* ; Estradiol ; Female ; Follicular Phase ; Humans ; Leptin* ; Menstrual Cycle ; Menstruation ; Ovulation Induction

No abstract available.
Bony Callus* ; Coinfection* ; Epidermal Cyst*

Epiphora is a symptom in which tears overflow onto the face, with its most common cause being the obstruction of the nasolacrimal system. As a cause of nasolacrimal system obstruction, nasolacrimal duct tumors are very rare. Angioleiomyoma, which is a benign tumor, arises from vascular smooth muscle, occurs in the nasolacrimal duct, and is extremely rare. With the development of endoscopic intranasal approach for the treatment of nasolacrimal duct obstruction, there is increased importance for the consideration of otorhinolaryngological evaluation and treatment as well as dacryocystorhinostomy by conventional external approach. In this article, we introduce a case in which angioleiomyoma in the nasolacrimal duct was detected by nasal endoscopy and was successfully treated with endoscopic surgery.

Invasive fungal sinusitis is common in immunodeficiency patients and can spread into the orbit or intracranial cavity. The Onodi cell, which is one of the anatomical variations of the ethmoid sinus, refers to the space that has been pneumatized superolateral to the sphenoid sinus. We experienced a case of invasive fungal sinusitis that caused vision loss by invading the Onodi cells. Endoscopic sinus surgery and antifungal treatment successfully recovered the patient’s vision and we herein report on the case with a review of the literature.

The estrogen receptor (ER) is present in a wide variety of mammalian tissues and is required for the physiological responses of estrogen, including estrogen-induced tissue-specific changes in gene expression. But most of our knowledge on the regulation of ER mRNA levels comes from in vivo steroid replacement experiments or cancer cell lines that express the ER. Thus the present study was attempted to determine 1) the anterior pituitary ER mRNA levels during rat estrous cycle 2) if estradiol itself directly modulates the ER mRNA levels in cultured rat anterior pituitary using RT-PCR method. In rats with 4 day estrous cycle, the ER mRNA levels in anterior pituitary gland reached to maximum at proestrus 11:00h just before serum estradiol concentration showed the highest. From then, the ER mRNA levels gradually declined during the rest of the proestrus. On the other hands, in cultured rat anterior pituitary cells, the ER mRNA levels were significantly decreased by the treatment of estradiol. These results indicate that the surge of estradiol was proceeded by the increase in pituitary ER mRNA levels during the proestrus and in cultured anterior pituitary cells, estrogen might be involved in the down-regulation of the ER mRNA levels.
Animals ; Cell Line ; Down-Regulation ; Estradiol ; Estrogens* ; Estrous Cycle ; Gene Expression ; Hand ; Pituitary Gland, Anterior* ; Proestrus ; Rats* ; RNA, Messenger*

Over the last few decades, surgical approach for acute pancreatitis has undergone fundamental changes based on understanding of pathophysiologic mechanism and evidence from clinical studies. This review provides an overview of current indications, timing and techniques of surgical treatment for acute pancreatitis with focus on necrotizing pancreatitis.
Pancreatitis