Background and Objectives: Primary thyroid lymphoma is rare in thyroid cancer and also in extranodal lymphoma. As such, there has been only a few studies done on this rare disease, and this study evaluated its clinical characteristics and prognosis.Subjects and Method A retrospective review was conducted on 18 patients who were treated for primary thyroid lymphoma between January 2006 and December 2021. We investigated clinical, radiologic, pathologic findings, treatment modalities and prognosis. Results: The study involved 18 patients, all of whom were confirmed through histopathological assessments via thyroidectomy (5/18), core needle biopsy (12/18), and incisional biopsy (1/18). Among these, three patients were male, while 15 were female, with a mean age of 66.4±8.78 (49-82). The most common symptom was a palpable neck mass (8/18). The most common pathologic type was diffuse large B cell lymphoma (9 patients), followed by mucosaassociated lymphoid tissue lymphoma (6 patients). At the time of diagnosis, 3 (20.0%) 8 (53.3%), 0, and 4 (26.7%) number of patients were found in Stage I, II, III and IV, respectively. Twelve patients received chemotherapy and three patients received radiation therapy. Three patients were lost to follow-up without treatment. Conclusion Primary thyroid lymphoma should be included in differential diagnosis when making a diagnosis for rapid growing thyroid nodule. Core needle biopsy is considered as first line pathologic diagnostic tool due to limitation of fine needle cytology.

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by social and communication impairments, as well as repetitive and restrictive behaviors. The phenotypic heterogeneity of ASD has made it overwhelmingly difficult to determine the exact etiology and pathophysiology underlying the core symptoms, which are often accompanied by comorbidities such as hyperactivity, seizures, and sensorimotor abnormalities. To our benefit, the advent of animal models has allowed us to assess and test diverse risk factors of ASD, both genetic and environmental, and measure their contribution to the manifestation of autistic symptoms. At a broader scale, rodent models have helped consolidate molecular pathways and unify the neurophysiological mechanisms underlying each one of the various etiologies. This approach will potentially enable the stratification of ASD into clinical, molecular, and neurophenotypic subgroups, further proving their translational utility. It is henceforth paramount to establish a common ground of mechanistic theories from complementing results in preclinical research. In this review, we cluster the ASD animal models into lesion and genetic models and further classify them based on the corresponding environmental, epigenetic and genetic factors. Finally, we summarize the symptoms and neuropathological highlights for each model and make critical comparisons that elucidate their clinical and neurobiological relevance.
Animals* ; Autism Spectrum Disorder* ; Autistic Disorder* ; Comorbidity ; Complement System Proteins ; Epigenomics ; Models, Animal* ; Models, Genetic ; Neurodevelopmental Disorders ; Population Characteristics ; Risk Factors ; Rodentia ; Seizures

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to assess the clinical outcomes and bone fusion rates after insertion of hollow cages or cages with bone substitutes for treatment of disc protrusion in the cervical spine. METHODS: We performed a retrospective review of 93 patients who had undergone cage-assisted anterior cervical spine fusion. Patients were treated with hollow cages (N=52) or with cages with bone substitutes (N=41). Initial and follow up radiologic data were analyzed using Vavruch bone fusion criteria. RESULTS: Clinical outcomes including preoperative and postoperative pain and functional scores were not significantly different between the two patient groups. The over-all fusion rates differed between the two groups: patients treated with hollow cages demonstrated an average fusion rate of 84.6%, while patients treated with cages with bone substitutes demonstrated an average fusion rate of 87.8%, but these differences were not significant 24 months after surgery. At 18 months after surgery, the fusion rates of patients treated with cages with bone substitutes were significantly different from those of patients treated with hollow cages. Among patients who received bone substitutes, patients who received DBM exhibited better fusion outcomes than patients treated with other bone materials after 18 months of follow-up. CONCLUSION: Patients who are surgically treated with anterior cervical spine fusion for disc protrusion using cages with bone substitutes may achieve earlier fusion than patients treated with hollow cages, although both groups show similar final fusion rates.
Bone Substitutes ; Cervical Vertebrae ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Pain, Postoperative ; Retrospective Studies ; Spinal Fusion ; Spine

The global obesity epidemic and associated metabolic diseases require alternative biological targets for new therapeutic strategies. In this study, we show that a phytochemical sulfuretin suppressed adipocyte differentiation of preadipocytes and administration of sulfuretin to high fat diet-fed obese mice prevented obesity and increased insulin sensitivity. These effects were associated with a suppressed expression of inflammatory markers, induced expression of adiponectin, and increased levels of phosphorylated ERK and AKT. To elucidate the molecular mechanism of sulfuretin in adipocytes, we performed microarray analysis and identified activating transcription factor 3 (Atf3) as a sulfuretin-responsive gene. Sulfuretin elevated Atf3 mRNA and protein levels in white adipose tissue and adipocytes. Consistently, deficiency of Atf3 promoted lipid accumulation and the expression of adipocyte markers. Sulfuretin’s but not resveratrol’s anti-adipogenic effects were diminished in Atf3 deficient cells, indicating that Atf3 is an essential factor in the effects of sulfuretin. These results highlight the usefulness of sulfuretin as a new anti-obesity intervention for the prevention of obesity and its associated metabolic diseases.
Activating Transcription Factor 3 ; Adipocytes ; Adiponectin ; Adipose Tissue, White ; Animals ; Diet* ; Insulin Resistance ; Metabolic Diseases* ; Mice ; Mice, Obese* ; Microarray Analysis ; Obesity* ; RNA, Messenger