Endocannabinoid system has several kinds of receptors, all of which have correspondence ligands and pathways of synthesis and degradation, and they belong to G-protein coupled receptors family. Recently studies show that stimulation of cannabinoid receptors has inhibitory effects on gastrointestinal motility and secretion. In this article, we introduce the compositions of the cannabinoid family members, includingtheir receptors, ligands, and antagonists, and their effects on the gastrointestinal motility and secretion. Useful information can be provided for the further study on the effects of endocannabinoid system on gastrointestinal motility and secretion, providing theoretic evidences for clinical use of cannabinoid.

Postoperative ileus is commonly referred to the inhibition of gastrointestinal motility after ab-dominal surgery. Some causes are responsible for the ileus, including postoperative pain and electrolyte im-balances, and manipulations during surgery. Although gastrointestinal motility normalizes spontaneously in most patients, some develop severe to postoperative ileus, which is difficult to treat, with a delayed recovery from surgery, prolonged hospital stay, and increased treatment costs. So, it is essential to understand the mechanisms of postoperative ileus for effective prevention and treatment.

Cholangiocytes are the epithelial cells that line the intrahepatic biliary tree and also the target of cholangiopathies. Despite the heterogeneous etiology ,most of cholangiopathies share the common pathological process which is the imbalance between proliferation and apoptosis of cholangiocytes. The article is a review about the characteristics and mechanism of proliferation and apoptosis of cholangiocytes and their relationship to cholangiopathies.

Although we have understood only limited knowledge about the pathophysiological mechanisms of acute pancreatitis (AP),it has at least been proven that the activation of pancreatic zymogens inside the pancreatic acinar cells,as well as the inflammatory reaction resulting from the inflammatory mediators,including the cytokines and oxygen free radicals,constitute the main reason for the early pathological processes of AP. The inflammatory mediators also facilitate the complications such as lung injury and multiple organ dysfunctions. The bacterial translocation,which aggravates the pathological changes and increases the mortality in AP,causes the pathophysiological vicious circle in the later period of the disease. There is no doubt that the levels of the clinical prevention,diagnosis and treatment for AP will be greatly improved along with the elucidation of its pathogenesis.

Acute necro-hemorrhagic pancreatitis (ANHP) was induced in rats by intra-pancreatic duct injection with a mixed solution of bile salt and trypsin. After 6- to 30-hr of operation the increase of plasma lipidperoxidant (LPO) levels from 4.67 to 20.5 nmol/ml and the fall of plasma amylase levels from 6577 to 2629 U were observed in the rats with ANHP. The values of the plasma LPO at 10-,20-,and 30-hr in the rats with ANHP were significantly higher than those in the control (P

Cannabinoids have been used in clinic for many years.However,their effective mechanisms,especially the role of the endogenous cannabinoid system in the regulation of intestinal motility are still poorly understood.In this article,we introduced that the compositions of the Cannabinoid family members,including their receptors,analogues,and antagonists,and the effects of them on the gastrointestinal movement.We provide the useful update information for the further clinic and experiment study on the cannabinoid family and the endocannabinoid system.

Acute pancreatitis is one of the common clinical diseases in emergency.The severe acute pancreatitis-associated ascetic fluid is always found in clinic.Its roles related multiple organ dysfunction(MOD)in acute pancreatitis is being understood.In this article，the possible compositions of the ascites，the mechanism of its formation，and its effect on body are recited，in order to better understand the mechanism，the prevention and the treatment of the acute pancreatitis and its compications related MOD.

Objective To explore the expression and significance of Rac1 and WAVE2 protein in glomerulus of high-
fat diet induced C57BL/6J model mice. Methods Thirty-two male C57BL/6J mice (3-week old) were randomly assigned into two groups(16 in each group). The control group was fed with basic diet (10%fat) for 4 weeks. The high-fat diet group was fed with high-fat diet (60%fat) for 4 weeks. The kidney morphological changes were examined by HE and PAS staining. The expressions of Rac1 and WAVE2 protein were examined by Western blot and immunohistochemistry analysis. Results HE and PAS results showed that there were glomeruli mesangial matrix hyperplasia and exudation in high-fat diet group compared with control group. The immunohistochemistry and Western blotting results showed that expressions of Rac 1 and WAVE2 in glomerulus were both increased in high-fat diet group compared with those of control group. Conclusion Rac1 and WAVE2 protein may be involved in glomerular injuries induced by high-fat diet.

[Objective]To explore the application value of vascularized fibular graft in the repairment of maxillofacial defects.[Methods] Forty-five patients with maxillofacial defects caused by various reasons were enrolled and treated by vascularized fibular graft.The related disease history,survival situation of blood vessels and tissue flaps of all the patients were recorded.[Results]All the patients were followed up for 3-6 months after surgery.All the patients could eat by mouth and without no obvious obstacle.There was no facial asymmetry,healthy side bite jaws deflection and so on.The maxillofacial appearance and functions almost returned back to normal.Oral panoramic radiography showed that the osseous healing of transplanted fibular and mandibular was good,and there was no bone nonunion,osteonecrosis,titanium plate rejection or fracture happened.Three-dimensional CT scàn revealed that the recovery of mandibular appearance was good.There was 1 case with leg wound drainage and 1 case with cervical wound effusion,which were all healed after the second phase by dressing change and necessary treatment.The rest of the patients were all healed at the first phase.There was no free tissue flap necrosis and calf obvious dysfunction.[Conclusions] Using vascularized fibular graft for the repairment of maxillofacial defects,the maxillofacial appearance and functions of patients almost return to normal after surgery.The surgery can satisfy the requirements of patients on postoperative oral and maxillofacial appearance and function with lower incidence of complications and hig her survival rate of free tissue flap.Therefore,it is worthy of clinical application.

AIM:We conducted an evaluation of clinical data with meta analysis to investigate the preventive effect of 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA) on inflammatory bowel disease ( IBD)-associated colorectal cancer ( CRC) or dys-plasia (Dys) (IBD-CRC/Dys).METHODS: The information was retrieved from the main databases such as PubMed, Web of Science, the Cochrane Library, etc.All full-text articles about the prevention of IBD-CRC/Dys by 5-ASA were in-cluded if they conformed to the standards.The odds ratio ( OR) and its 95% confidence interval ( CI) were calculated. According to the types of IBD and the treatment course, the subgroup analysis was conducted, respectively.RESULTS:Fifteen articles were selected, including 5 038 IBD patients.Pooled analysis showed a protective association between 5-ASA and IBD-CRC/Dys (OR=0.53, 95%CI:0.37~0.76).Among them, both ulcerative colitis patients (OR=0.45, 95%CI:0.27~0.77) and Crohn disease patients ( OR=0.39, 95% CI:0.16~0.97) with 5-ASA therapy were less likely to develop CRC/Dys compared with those without 5-ASA treatment.5-ASA treatment for 1~20 years shows a pre-ventive benefit (OR=0.43, 95%CI:0.25~0.74).However, a minimum 5-ASA exposure of 2~6 months did not show a preventive benefit (OR=0.59, 95%CI:0.26~1.34).CONCLUSION:5-ASA protects against CRC/Dys in IBD pa-tients.Additionally, the protective effect is treatment time dependent.Treatment course for 1~20 years shows an evident preventive benefit.