With the rapid development and increased integration of Chinese economy with global economy, China assumes more responsibilities and obligations for global health, resulting in great poten-tial needs for professionals in global health. From the angle of global health talent need , this article deeply illuminated that the global health talent training was helpful to take advantage of international resources to solve the problem of health, serve China's peaceful development strategy, comply with development trend of public health, and remedy limitations of traditional medicine undergraduate. Training undergraduates in global health who are China-specific and global competent is the only way to meet the talent demand of China's future. Multi-level global health education will become an important part of medical education in future in China.

Objective The effect of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) on smoking reduction,cessation and human health remains controversial,meanwhile,studies tocused on e-cigarettes are limited.We conducted this meta-analysis in purpose of helping figuring out the controversy.Methods PubMed, Medline,Embase,Cochrane library,CNKl and Wanfang Databases were searched for articles published up to May 2014.All studies discussing the relationship between e-cigarettes and smoking reduction,smoking cessation or human health were included.The fixed or random-eftect model was used to pool the relative risk(RR).Outcome 4 articles were included based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria,there were totally 7 002 subjects.Meta-analysis indicated that there was significant difference in e-cigarettes and smoking reduction,RR=1.88,95％ CI:1.07-3.32,P=0.09.The Meta-analysis showed that e-cigarettes were available in smoking cessation.RR=1.55,95％ CI:1.24-1.95,P=0.001.Conclusion Tiffs meta-analysis indicated that e-cigarettes were helpful in smoking cessation.Nonetheless,the articles included were too few to credibly support the outcome.Hence,more high-quality,randomized blind and large sample experiments are needed to verify the results.

AIM: To investigate the effects of sodium ferulate on cholesterol and triglyceride metabolism in atherosclerosis with hyperlipidemia.METHODS: The rabbit model of atherosclerosis was produced by feeding high lipid forages.RAW264.7 foam cell and HepG2 injured cell models were established by incubation with oxidized low density lipoprotein(ox-LDL).The atherosclerotic plaque area was measured,and serum lipids were detected.The cellular lipid accumulation was examined by oil red O staining.The cellular contents of total cholesterol and cholesterol ester were quantified by high performance liquid chromatography.The hepatic lipase(HL) mRNA expression was determined by RT-PCR.RESULTS:(1) Compared with hyperlipid group,the aorta atherosclerosis plaque area and the serum triglyceride level were significantly decreased in sodium ferulate-treated rabbits,but the serum cholesterol level showed little change.(2) Compared with ox-LDL group,the HL mRNA expression in HepG2 cells was enhanced significantly in sodium ferulate-treated group,but the cellular contents of total cholesterol and cholesterol ester in RAW264.7 foam cells showed little change.CONCLUSION: Sodium ferulate inhibits the formation of atherosclerotic plaque in high-cholesterol-fed rabbits aorta.This antiatherosclerotic function may reduce serum triglyceride level through enhancing the expression of HL mRNA without influencing serum cholesterol level and foam cell formation.

OBJECTIVETo detect the differential expression of cell signal transduction genes associated with benzene poisoning, and to explore the pathogenic mechanisms of blood system damage induced by benzene.

METHODSPeripheral white blood cell gene expression profile of 7 benzene poisoning patients, including one aplastic anemia, was determined by cDNA microarray. Seven chips from normal workers were served as controls. Cluster analysis of gene expression profile was performed.

RESULTSAmong the 4265 target genes, 176 genes associated with cell signal transduction were differentially expressed. 35 up-regulated genes including PTPRC, STAT4, IFITM1 etc were found in at least 6 pieces of microarray; 45 down-regulated genes including ARHB, PPP3CB, CDC37 etc were found in at least 5 pieces of microarray.

CONCLUSIONcDNA microarray technology is an effective technique for screening the differentially expressed genes of cell signal transduction. Disorder in cell signal transduction may play certain role in the pathogenic mechanism of benzene poisoning.

Apoptosis ; Benzene ; poisoning ; Case-Control Studies ; DNA, Complementary ; genetics ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Humans ; Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis ; Signal Transduction ; genetics

OBJECTIVETo investigate the impact of NU7026 and Wortmannin, inhibitors of DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK), in HL60 cells apoptosis induced by 1, 4-benzoquinone (1, 4-BQ).

METHODSHL60 cells were divided into three groups according to the exposures: the poisoned groups which were treated with 0, 5, 10, 25 and 50 µmol/L 1, 4-BQ for 24 h, respectively, the NU7026 groups which were preincubated with 10 µmol/L NU7026 for 1h prior to the 24h treatment of 0, 5, 10, 25 and 50 µmol/L 1, 4-BQ and the Wortmannin groups which were preincubated with 25 µmol/L Wortmannin for 1h prior to the 24 h treatment of 0, 5, 10, 25 and 50 µmol/L 1, 4-BQ. Then we detected the apoptosis via flowcytometry Annexin V-FITC/PI and the DNA Ladder, respectively. We also tested the expressions of Bax mRNA with Real-Time PCR in HL60 cells which were exposed to 10 µmol/L NU7026 for 24 h, 25 µmol/L Wortmannin 24 h, 10 µmol/L 1, 4-BQ 24 h, 10 µmol/L NU7026 1h+10 µmol/L 1, 4-BQ 24 h and 25 µmol/L Wortmannin 1 h+10 µmol/L 1, 4-BQ 24 h, as well as null (control). We also examed the expressions of p53 in HL60 cells with Western blot.

RESULTSAnnexin V-FITC/PI apoptosis tests suggested that apoptosis rates of NU7026+10 µmol/L 1, 4-BQ group and Wortmannin +10 µmol/L 1, 4-BQ were 17.6±1.19% and 15.2±1.22%, respectively. Both of results were higher than that of 10 µmol/L 1, 4-BQ group (6.3±1.04%); Apoptosis of NU7026+25 µmol/L 1, 4-BQ group was 46.2±3.55%, and Wortmannin +25 µmol/L 1, 4-BQ group 26.9±2.62%. Both of results were also higher than that of 25 µmol/L 1, 4-BQ group (14.1±1.54%); Apoptosis of NU7026+50 µmol/L 1, 4-BQ group (61.8±1.78%) was higher than that of 50 µmol/L 1, 4-BQ group (35.9±4.51%). The above results were all statistically significant (P < 0.05).

RESULTSof DNA-Ladder were basically consistent with those of Annexin V-FITC/PI apoptosis tests. In addition, both NU7026 and Wortmannin pretreatment elicited the higher expression of Bax mRNA in HL60 treated by 1, 4-benzoquinone with statistically significance (P < 0.05). However, p53 protein was not detected in HL60 cells as the western blot indicated.

CONCLUSIONInhibitors of DNA-PK, NU7026 and Wortmannin, promote p53-independent apoptosis induced by 1, 4-benzoquinone in HL60 cells.

Androstadienes ; pharmacology ; Apoptosis ; drug effects ; Benzoquinones ; toxicity ; Chromones ; pharmacology ; DNA-Activated Protein Kinase ; antagonists & inhibitors ; Flow Cytometry ; HL-60 Cells ; Humans ; Morpholines ; pharmacology ; RNA, Messenger ; Tumor Suppressor Protein p53

OBJECTIVETo delineate the immune regulatory pathway of benzene poisoning by using gene expression profile analysis.

METHODSPeripheral white blood cell gene expression profile of 7 benzene poisoning patients, including one aplastic anemia, was determined by microarray. Seven chips from normal workers were served as controls. Cluster analysis of gene expression profile was performed. Differentially expressed immune genes associated with benzene poisoning were determined.

RESULTSAmong the 2 779 target genes, 38 genes differentially expressed were identified, including 10 up-regulated genes such as CD59, TRA@, MCP etc, and 14 down-regulated genes such as HLA-DMB, HLA-DQA1, HLA-DPB1, ITGB2, PFC etc. Cluster analysis showed that the expression profiles of 38 genes were associated with benzene poisoning.

CONCLUSIONDifferentially expressed immune genes may play an important role in the pathogenesis of benzene poisoning.

Benzene ; poisoning ; CD59 Antigens ; genetics ; Case-Control Studies ; Cluster Analysis ; Female ; Gene Expression Profiling ; HLA-D Antigens ; genetics ; HLA-DP beta-Chains ; genetics ; HLA-DQ alpha-Chains ; genetics ; Humans ; Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis

Objective:To analyze the current situation for the mortality of Chinese female breast cancer and the trend of change in the past thirty years,and to provide scientific basis for prevention and control of breast cancer in China.Methods:The mortality data of breast cancer in Chinese female from 1987 to 2014 were collected,the trends of age-standardized rates and age-adjusted rates were described,and the variations via Joinpoint regression models were analyzed.Results:From 1987 to 2014,the mortality for the urban female breast cancer was greater than that for the rural females.There was a downward trend for urban women with an average decrease of 0.3％ for each year (P=0.06).While the average annual change for rural females showed an upward trend (AAPC=l.26％,P＜0.01).The gap between urban and rural females is narrowing gradually.The 40-59 age-adjusted rate for urban females decreased first and then it was increased with time moving forward.The mortality for rural females was continuously increased.Conclusion:From 1987 to 2014,the breast cancer mortality for urban females was overall higher than that for rural females.The mortality for rural females was continuously increased in the past years.The gap between urban and rural females is narrowing.We should pay specific attention to the prevention and treatment of breast cancer for the rural females.

Objective: To investigate the clinical value of lymph node dissection (LND) in the radical resection of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC). Methods: The propensity score matching and retrospective cohort study was conducted. The clinicopathological data of 448 patients with ICC who were admitted to 12 medical centers from December 2011 to December 2017 were collected, including 279 in the Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital of Navy Medical University, 32 in the Mengchao Hepatobiliary Hospital of Fujian Medical University, 21 in the First Hospital Affiliated to Army Medical University, 20 in the Cancer Hospital Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, 19 in the West China Hospital of Sichuan University, 18 in the Second Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 18 in the Renji Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 16 in the Beijing Friendship Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, 10 in the Xuanwu Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, 7 in the Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 5 in the Beijing Tiantan Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, and 3 in the Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College. There were 281 males and 167 females, aged from 22 to 80 years, with a median age of 57 years. Of the 448 patients, 143 with routinely intraoperative LND were divided into LND group and 305 without routinely intraoperative LND were divided into control group, respectively. Observation indicators: (1) the propensity score matching conditions and comparison of general data between the two groups after matching; (2) intraoperative and postoperative situations; (3) follow-up; (4) survival analysis. Patients were followed up by outpatient examination, telephone interview and email to detect survival of patients and tumor recurrence up to October 31, 2018 or death. Follow-up was conducted once every 3 months within postoperative 1-2 years, once every 6 months within postoperative 2-5 years, and once a year after 5 years. The propensity score matching was realized using the nearest neighbor method with 1∶1 ratio. Measurement data with normal distribution were represented as Mean±SD, and comparison between groups was analyzed using the t test. Measurement data with skewed distribution were represented as M (range), and comparison between groups was analyzed using the Mann-Whitney U test. Count data were described as absolute numbers, and comparison between groups was analyzed using the chi-square test or Fisher exact probability. Kaplan-Meier method was used to calculate survival rates and draw survival curve, and Log-rank test was used to perform survival analysis. Univariate analysis and multivaraiate analysis were conducted using the Log-rank test and COX regression model, respectively. Results: (1) The propensity score matching conditions and comparison of general data between the two groups after matching: 286 of 448 patients had successful matching, including 143 in each group. The number of males and females, cases with hepatitis, cases with grade A and B of Child-Pugh classification, cases with distance from margin to tumor <1 cm and ≥1 cm, cases with highly, moderately, and poorly differentiated tumor, cases with anatomical hepatectomy and nonanatomical hepatectomy before propensity score matching were 77, 66, 33, 96, 47, 70, 73, 105, 38, 79, 64 in the LND group, and 204, 101, 121, 165, 140, 207, 98, 251, 54, 124, 181 in the control group, respectively, showing significant differences in the above indices between the two groups (χ²=7.079, 11.885, 7.098, 14.763, 5.184, 8.362, P<0.05). After propensity score matching, the above indices were 77, 66, 33, 96, 47, 70, 73, 105, 38, 79, 64 in the LND group, and 79, 64, 29, 88, 55, 71, 72, 112, 31, 74, 69 in the control group, respectively, showing no significant difference in the above indices between the two groups (χ²=0.056, 0.329, 2.158, 0.014, 0.936, 1.400, P>0.05). (2) Intraoperative and postoperative situations: the operation time, volume of intraoperative blood loss, cases with intraoperative blood transfusion, cases with postoperative complications, and duration of postoperative hospital stay were 265 minutes (range, 160-371 minutes), 300 mL (range, 200-500 mL), 37, 46, 12 days (range, 9-17 days) for the LND group, and 59 minutes (range, 46-250 minutes), 200 mL (range, 100-400 mL), 24, 25, 9 days (range, 7-11 days) for the control group, respectively. There was no significant difference in the volume of intraoperative blood loss or cases with intraoperative blood transfusion between the two groups (Z=1.700, χ²=3.520, P>0.05). There were significant differences in the operation time, cases with postoperative complications, and duration of postoperative hospital stay (Z=6.520, χ²=8.260, Z=4.270, P<0.05). (3) Follow-up: 143 patients in the LND group was followed up for 18-26 months. The 1-, 3-, 5-year survival rates were 66.9%, 32.8%, 25.0%, and the median survival time was 22.0 months (range, 18.0-26.0 months). In the control group, 143 patients were followed up for 11-32 months. The 1-, 3-, 5-year survival rates were 71.7%, 38.0%, 31.0%, and the median survival time was 22.0 months (range, 11.0-32.0 months). There was no significant difference in the overall survival between the two groups (χ²=0.466, P>0.05). (4) Survival analysis: results of univariate analysis showed that distance from margin to tumor, tumor diameter, the number of tumors, microvascular tumor thrombus, and lymph node metastasis by pathological examination were related factors for prognosis of patients undergoing radical resection of ICC (χ²=10.662, 9.477, 16.944, 6.520, 11.633, P<0.05). Results of multivariate analysis showed that distance from margin to tumor<1 cm, tumor diameter>5 cm, multiple tumors, microvascular tumor thrombus, positive lymph node metastasis by pathological examination were independent risk factors for prognosis of patients undergoing radical resection of ICC (hazard ratio=0.600, 1.571, 1.601, 1.750, 1.723, 95% confidence interval: 0.430-0.837, 1.106-2.232, 1.115-2.299, 1.083-2.829, 1.207-2.460, P<0.05). Conclusion Lymph node metastasis is an independent risk factor affecting the prognosis of ICC patients, and it is necessary to perform LND in radical resection for patients with ICC and lymph node metastasis.