In this study, expressions of aquaporin (AQP) 1, AQP4, endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), and vascular endothelial growth factor in blood-cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) barrier and blood-brain barrier (BBB) are examined in rat choroid plexus and peri-infarcted hippocampal formation (HF) following systemic hyponatremia (SH) and permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (pMCAO). These events are thought to cause the development of hydrocephalic and vasogenic edemas. The importance of CSF overproduction and intact blood-CSF barrier during hydrocephalic edema formation is demonstrated by the high expression of AQP1 (329.86+/-10.2%, n=4 , P<0.01) and trapped plasma immunoglobulin G (IgG) in choroid plexus epithelium after 24 hours of SH. However, the increased eNOS expression in peri-infarcted HF (130+/-3%, n=4, P<0.01) and extravasation of plasma IgG into the extravascular compartment after 24 hours of pMCAO suggest that increased microvascular permeability, probably due to elevated levels of nitric oxide, leads to development of vasogenic brain edema via BBB breakdown. Based on these findings, the authors suggest that modulation of different protein expression, dependent on the type of brain edema, is required for primary (pMCAO) and secondary (SH) brain injuries to attenuate brain edema and neuronal degeneration.
Animals ; Aquaporin 1 ; Blood-Brain Barrier ; Brain Edema ; Brain Injuries ; Capillary Permeability ; Choroid Plexus ; Edema ; Epithelium ; Hippocampus ; Hyponatremia ; Immunoglobulin G ; Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery ; Neurons ; Nitric Oxide ; Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III ; Plasma ; Proteins ; Rats ; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A

Background: In pancreatic cancer surgery, anatomical understanding of lymph node metastases is required. Distinguishing lymph nodes in computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging is challenging for novice doctors and medical students because of their small size and similar color to surrounding tissues. This study aimed to enhance our understanding of the clinical anatomy of lymph node stations relevant to pancreatic cancer using newly sectioned images of a cadaver with true color and high resolution and their three-dimensional (3D) models. Methods: An 88-year-old female cadaver who died of pancreatic cancer was serially sectioned.Among the sectioned images of the whole body (0.05 mm-sized pixel, 48 bits color), images of the abdomen were selected, and examined to identify lymph nodes and nearby structures.34 structures (9 in digestive system; 1 in urinary system; 2 in cardiovascular system; 22 in lymphatic system) were segmented on the sectioned images. Based on the sectioned and segmented images, volume and surface models were produced. Results: Among the known 28 lymph node stations, 21 stations were identified through location, size, and color of normal and abnormal structures in the sectioned images and 3D models. Two near the splenic artery could not be separated from the cancer tissue, and the remaining five were not clearly identified. In the surface models, the shape and location of lymph node stations could be confirmed with nearby structures. Conclusion The lymph node stations relevant to pancreatic cancer can be anatomically understood by using the sectioned images and 3D models which contain true color and high resolution.

Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease (MOGAD) is an inflammatory central nervous system disease that is driven by antibodies of the immunoglobulin G1 class.MOGAD has recently been recognized as an autoimmune disease; therefore, little is known about its rehabilitation. Here, we present a case of MOGAD that showed significant recovery after rehabilitation. A 58-year-old woman developed weakness in all extremities, dysarthria, and dysphagia. She visited the neurology department, and early brain and spine magnetic resonance imaging showed multifocal high intensity in the subcortical and periventricular white matter and the cervical cord. The patient's serum tested positive for anti-MOG antibodies. She was diagnosed with MOGAD and received intravenous steroid pulse therapy. After pharmacologic therapy, the patient was transferred to the rehabilitation department. Initially, her Functional Independence Measure (FIM) motor score was 26, allowing her to stand independently for only a few seconds. After 5 weeks of rehabilitation involving physical therapy, occupational therapy, and balance training, her FIM motor score improved to 60. However, 4 months after discharge, the disease relapsed with symptoms of motor weakness in all extremities, and steroid treatment was initiated. On the second admission, her FIM motor score was 42, but after continuous multidisciplinary rehabilitation, it improved to 76. Computerized cognitive therapy improved her cognitive function, from a Korean version of the Mini-Mental State Examination score of 23 on the first admission to 30 on final discharge. Since MOGAD is a relapsing disease, a favorable outcome can be achieved with continuous monitoring and multidisciplinary, symptom-specific rehabilitation.

BACKGROUND: Research on RBC production from hematopoietic stem cells has been conducted competitively in many countries. However those were in vitro successes and many hurdles still remain for large scale transfusable RBC production from stem cells. A need for large volume of culture media is a crucial factor for culture condition which researchers must overcome. In this study, we evaluated the efficiency of two commercial serum-free media, StemPro(R)-34 SFM and Stemline II hematopoietic stem cell expansion medium, in RBC differentiation from cord derived stem cells. METHODS: We cultured cord derived CD34+ cells in vitro and evaluated over the periods of 7 days, 14 days, 17 days and 21 days in culture for expanded cell count, cell morphology and differential count using the Wright Giemsa stain. RESULTS: Cell expansion and RBC differentiation developed rapidly in Stemline media compared to StemPro media. Enucleated RBCs were observed at 10~14 culture days and orthochromatic erythroblasts were shown up to 50% among culture cells at 17 days in Stemline media. The enucleated RBCs were observed at 17 days in StemPro Media. Although the erythroblasts in StemPro media are slow at differentiation, they maintain continuous expansion up to 21 days. CONCLUSION: In Stemline media, the expansion and differentiation to mature RBCs are processed much faster, but the cell condition slows down after 17 days. In the RBC production aspects, Stemline media is better than StemPro media as a rapid differentiation because it reduces the cost due to in vitro short culture duration.
Azure Stains ; Cell Count ; Culture Media ; Culture Media, Serum-Free* ; Erythroblasts ; Hematopoietic Stem Cells* ; Humans ; Stem Cells

A method of detecting lead was developed using square wave anodic stripping voltammetry (SWASV) with DNA-carbon nanotube paste electrode (CNTPE). The results indicated a sensitive oxidation peak current of lead on the DNA-CNTPE. The curves were obtained within a concentration range of 50 ngL-1-20 mgL-1 with preconcentration time of 100, 200, and 400 sec at the concentration of mgL-1, microgL-1, and ngL-1, respectively. The observed relative standard deviation was 0.101% (n = 12) in the lead concentration of 30.0 microgL-1 under optimum conditions. The low detection limit (S/N) was pegged at 8 ngL-1 (2.6 x10-8 M). Results showed that the developed method can be used in real-time assay in vivo without requiring any pretreatment and pharmaceutical samples, and food samples, as well as other materials requiring water source contamination analyses.
Electrodes ; Limit of Detection ; Nanotubes ; Plants* ; Water

The Kinesin superfamily proteins (KIFs) make up a large superfamily of molecular motors that transport cargo such as vesicles, protein complexes, and organelles. KIF1Balpha is a monomeric motor that conveys mitochondria and plays an important role in cellular function. Here, we used the yeast two-hybrid system to identify the proteins that interacts with KIF1Balpha and found a specific interaction with the mammalian LIN-7 (MALS)-3/vertebrate homology of LIN-7 (Veri) and synaptic scaffolding molecule (S-SCAM). MALS-3 protein bound to the tail region of KIF1Balpha but not to other kinesin family members in the yeast two-hybrid assay. The "T-X-V" motif at the C-terminal end of KIF1Balpha is essential for interaction with MALS-3. In addition, this protein showed specific interactions in the Glutathione S-transferase (GST) pull-down assay. An antibody to MALS-3 specifically coimmunoprecipitated KIF1Balpha associated with MALS-3 from mouse brain extracts. These results suggest that MALS-3, as KIF1Balpha receptor, is involved in the KIF1Balpha-mediated transport.
Animals ; Brain ; Glutathione Transferase ; Humans ; Kinesin* ; Mice ; Microtubules ; Mitochondria ; Organelles ; PDZ Domains* ; Two-Hybrid System Techniques