Fourteen compounds were isolated from the stem of Angelica polymorpha. On the basis of spectral data, these compounds were identified as isoimperatorin (1), phellopterin (2), bergapten (3), xanthyletin (4), cnidilin (5), geijerine (6), (−)-3'-acetyl hamaudol (7), 7-demethylsuberosine (8), dehydrogeijerin (9), (−)-hamaudol (10), (+)-visamminol (11), divaricatol (12), scopoletin (13), and decursidate (14), respectively. Among them, compounds 4 - 6, 8, 9, 13, and 14 were isolated for the first time from A. polymorpha. Dehydrogeijerin (6) and geijerin (9) were isolated for the first time from genus Angelica. All isolates tested for inhibitory activity against acetylcholinesterae. Compounds 1 to 13 showed acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity with IC₅₀ values ranging from 1.4 to 37.5 µM.
Acetylcholinesterase* ; Angelica* ; Cholinesterase Inhibitors* ; Chromones ; Coumarins ; Scopoletin

This review examines the evolution, clinical efficacy, and future directions of trimodal therapy (TMT) as a bladder-preserving treatment option for muscle-invasive bladder cancer. A nonsystematic literature search was conducted on PubMed in October 2024 using the following keywords: “muscle invasive bladder cancer,” “bladder preservation,” “trimodal therapy,” “chemoradiotherapy,” and “radiation therapy.” Papers published between 2000 and 2024 were included, and original articles, reviews, and editorials written in English were selected. Relevant studies were organized and cited in the analysis. TMT, which consists of transurethral resection of the bladder tumor, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy, demonstrated comparable oncologic outcomes to radical cystectomy (RC) in terms of 5-year overall survival (36%–74%) and cancer-specific survival (50%–82%). Long-term data from multiple studies indicate that TMT can preserve bladder function while maintaining acceptable survival rates. The recent integration of immune checkpoint inhibitors with TMT shows promise, further improving tumor control and expanding the eligible patient population. However, standardized protocols and long-term follow-up data are still lacking. TMT serves as an effective alternative to RC in selected patients, offering similar oncologic outcomes while preserving quality of life. Further research is needed to establish standardized protocols and to refine patient selection criteria to optimize treatment outcomes.

This review examines the evolution, clinical efficacy, and future directions of trimodal therapy (TMT) as a bladder-preserving treatment option for muscle-invasive bladder cancer. A nonsystematic literature search was conducted on PubMed in October 2024 using the following keywords: “muscle invasive bladder cancer,” “bladder preservation,” “trimodal therapy,” “chemoradiotherapy,” and “radiation therapy.” Papers published between 2000 and 2024 were included, and original articles, reviews, and editorials written in English were selected. Relevant studies were organized and cited in the analysis. TMT, which consists of transurethral resection of the bladder tumor, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy, demonstrated comparable oncologic outcomes to radical cystectomy (RC) in terms of 5-year overall survival (36%–74%) and cancer-specific survival (50%–82%). Long-term data from multiple studies indicate that TMT can preserve bladder function while maintaining acceptable survival rates. The recent integration of immune checkpoint inhibitors with TMT shows promise, further improving tumor control and expanding the eligible patient population. However, standardized protocols and long-term follow-up data are still lacking. TMT serves as an effective alternative to RC in selected patients, offering similar oncologic outcomes while preserving quality of life. Further research is needed to establish standardized protocols and to refine patient selection criteria to optimize treatment outcomes.

This review examines the evolution, clinical efficacy, and future directions of trimodal therapy (TMT) as a bladder-preserving treatment option for muscle-invasive bladder cancer. A nonsystematic literature search was conducted on PubMed in October 2024 using the following keywords: “muscle invasive bladder cancer,” “bladder preservation,” “trimodal therapy,” “chemoradiotherapy,” and “radiation therapy.” Papers published between 2000 and 2024 were included, and original articles, reviews, and editorials written in English were selected. Relevant studies were organized and cited in the analysis. TMT, which consists of transurethral resection of the bladder tumor, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy, demonstrated comparable oncologic outcomes to radical cystectomy (RC) in terms of 5-year overall survival (36%–74%) and cancer-specific survival (50%–82%). Long-term data from multiple studies indicate that TMT can preserve bladder function while maintaining acceptable survival rates. The recent integration of immune checkpoint inhibitors with TMT shows promise, further improving tumor control and expanding the eligible patient population. However, standardized protocols and long-term follow-up data are still lacking. TMT serves as an effective alternative to RC in selected patients, offering similar oncologic outcomes while preserving quality of life. Further research is needed to establish standardized protocols and to refine patient selection criteria to optimize treatment outcomes.

A new stereoisomeric monoterpene glycoside and five already-known compounds were isolated from the n-BuOH soluble fraction of Clematis heracleifolia leaves. On the basis of spectral data, the structures of the isolated compounds were identified as protocatechuic acid (1), ferulic acid (2), caffeic acid (3), aesculin (4), (6Z)-9-hydroxylinaloyl glucoside (5), and 9-hydroxylinaloyl glucoside (6) and these were isolated for the first time from this plant. Among these compounds, (6Z)-9-hydroxylinaloyl glucoside (5) is a newly isolated from plant source.
Clematis* ; Esculin ; Plants ; Stereoisomerism*

A new phenolic compound and three known flavonoids isolated from the MeOH extracts of Lespedeza tomentosa. Based on spectral data, the isolated compounds were identified as methyl 4,5-dihydroxy-3-methoxy-2-(3-methylbut-2-en-1-yl)benzoate (1), 1-methoxylespeflorin G11 (2), farrerol (3) and 1-methoxylespeflorin I2 (4). Methyl 4,5- dihydroxy-3-methoxy-2-(3-methylbut-2-en-1-yl)benzoate (1) is newly isolated from plant source.

A new phenolic compound and three known flavonoids isolated from the MeOH extracts of Lespedeza tomentosa. Based on spectral data, the isolated compounds were identified as methyl 4,5-dihydroxy-3-methoxy-2-(3-methylbut-2-en-1-yl)benzoate (1), 1-methoxylespeflorin G11 (2), farrerol (3) and 1-methoxylespeflorin I2 (4). Methyl 4,5- dihydroxy-3-methoxy-2-(3-methylbut-2-en-1-yl)benzoate (1) is newly isolated from plant source.

Activity-guided isolation of Heracleum moellendorffii roots led to four coumarin derivatives as acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. The structures of these isolates were characterized by spectroscopic method to be angelicin (1), isobergapten (2), pimpinellin (3), and (3S, 4R)-3, 4-epoxypimpinellin (4). All the isolated compounds 1, 2, 3, and 4 showed moderate inhibition activities against acetylcholinesterase with the IC₅₀ values of 10.2, 18.1, 21.5 and 22.9 µM, respectively. (3S, 4R)-3, 4-Epoxypimpinellin (4) was newly isolated from the plant source.
Acetylcholinesterase ; Cholinesterase Inhibitors ; Coumarins ; Heracleum* ; Methods ; Plants

Accurate assessment of the degree of liver fibrosis is important for estimating prognosis and deciding on an appropriate course of treatment for cases of chronic liver disease (CLD) with various etiologies. Because of the inherent limitations of liver biopsy, there is a great need for non-invasive and reliable tests that accurately estimate the degree of liver fibrosis. Ultrasound (US) elastography is considered a non-invasive, convenient, and precise technique to grade the degree of liver fibrosis by measuring liver stiffness. There are several commercial types of US elastography currently in use, namely, transient elastography, acoustic radiation force impulse imaging, supersonic shear-wave imaging, and real-time tissue elastography. Although the low reproducibility of measurements derived from operator-dependent performance remains a significant limitation of US elastography, this technique is nevertheless useful for diagnosing hepatic fibrosis in patients with CLD. Likewise, US elastography may also be used as a convenient surveillance method that can be performed by physicians at the patients' bedside to enable the estimation of the prognosis of patients with fatal complications related to CLD in a non-invasive manner.
Biopsy ; Elasticity Imaging Techniques* ; Fibrosis ; Humans ; Hypertension, Portal ; Liver ; Liver Cirrhosis ; Liver Diseases* ; Prognosis ; Ultrasonography*