In order to improve the quality of teaching in medical genetics,we adopted a lot of measures in medical genetics teaching program according to the requirements of basic course and the characteristics of lower grade undergraduates.Firstly,cultivating students' awareness of genetic diseases; Secondly,integrating related courses and selecting teaching contents seriously; Thirdly,guiding the class by introducing cases of illness.The results showed that these methods can promote the understanding of medical genetics and improve the quality of study in lower grade undergraduates.

Objective To observe and analyze the standards of the normal vivo renal multi-slice spiral CT(MSCT) imaging to provide relevant normal range for clinic and teaching.Methods 123 cases with normal kidneys were undergone abdominal MSCT,then 3D imaging was performed,the position of kidney distance between two poles of kidney and the central line of the spine,renal length and short axis,the angels between the renal length axis and sagittal segment(LS) and the coronal segment(LC),the angel between coronal segment and the longest distance line from the midpoint of the renal gate to the same kidney's out edge(CL) were observed and measured with statistics analysis.Results Mostly the position of left kidney was higher than that of the right.Almost kidney's upper poles located at the T12 level.The number of left kidney was more than the right kidney in the renal upper pole located higher than T11.Almost kidney's inferior poles located at from the L2 inferior edge level to the L3 inferior edge level.In the statistic results,the values measured on CT of left kidney were large or equal to the right except for CL and LC in men,LC in women,total LC and LS.The width in men,total length and width and total upper distance were of significant statistics meaning(P

Objective To evaluate the clinical value of multislice spiral CT(MSCT) reconstruction in designing the pedicle screw trajectory before operation in atlantoaxial lesions.Methods 37 patients with upper cervical abnormality treated by surgery for atlantoaxial or occipitoaxial interfixation and/or fusion were undergone MSCT scan,and the 3D anatomical data(including the length,width and height of each pedicle,the angle between the pedicle and sagittal plane,and the thickness of internal occipital crest) were measured on volume reconstruction(VR) and multi-plane reconstruction(MPR) images and used for surgeon to select advisable pedicle screws(including the proper length and diameter) and to ensure the comfortable point,depth and direction for screw position at preoperation.The patients were followed up by atlantoaxial X-ray image and/or MSCT reconstruction to estimate the veracity of the screw position.Results All the patients were operated successfully,of them,5 patients were treated by simply atlantoaxial fixation,15 by atlantoaxial fixation and fusion,4 by simply occipitoaxial fixation,11 by occipitoaxial fixation and fusion,2 by atlantoaxial fixation and occipitoaxial fusion.X-ray images and/or MSCT reconstruction revealed that atlantoaxis were reposition entirely and all the screws were at predesigned trajectory.All the patients were followed up and no screw was broken or loosen and no atlantoaxial redislocation was found.Conclusion MSCT reconstruction for designing pedicle screw trajectory in atlantoaxial lesions before operation is satisfactory and valuable for clinical application.

Objective To explore the feasibility and value of MSCT for the evaluation of hypophysoma before and after endonasal transphenoidal microsurgery.Methods 82 patients with hypophysoma intended to be treated by endonasal transphenoidal microsur-gery,were examined by 64-slice head CT angiography (CTA).All the images were transmitted to workstation and reconstructed by MIP、VR and MPR.The hypophysoma were typed according to the relationship between hypophysoma and its surrounding vessels. The shortest and longest diameter between internal carotid arteries of two sides,tumor length and width,the diameter between ex-ternal naris and the rear wall of sphenoid top and the length from external naris to the rear wall of tumor top were measured in VR images.Sphenoid division was observed in coronal plane image.Major vascular injury,bleeding,and residual tumor situation were observed on postoperative CT review.The surgery effect was evaluated by three associate professorwith SPSS 13.0.Results 39 ca-ses were type-A,30 were type-B,13 were type-C,tumor length ranged from 1.7 cm to 3.9 cm,width ranged from 1.3 cm to 2.5 cm,the diameter between external naris and the rear wall of sphenoid top and the length between external naris and the rear wall of tumor top were 6.9 cm~7.6 cm and 9 cm~12.2 cm.There are 1 5 cases of sphenoid without division,34 cases with one divi-sion,26 cases with two division and at least three division in 7 cases.The surgery effect was better in those which tumor size was relatively smaller compared to the diameter of the internal carotid artery.The evaluation of endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal surgery with three types of pituitary adenomas had a significant difference (P <0.05).Conclusion MSCT can preferably reflect the spatial location relationship between pituitary adenimas and its surrounding structure,and it is effective evaluation methods for pre-operative and postoperative evaluation of transnasal microsurgical resection.

Objective To explore the application value of multi-slice CT angiography (MSCTA)in posterior approach of upper cervical vertebrae.Methods Fifty-one patients with suspected or conformed upper cervical disease were collected and performed cer-vical CTA examination.Twenty three patients underwent internal fixation surgery of posterior upper cervical and reviewed with CTA examination.Volume Render (VR),Maximum Intensity Projection (MIP)and Multi-planar Reformation (MPR)were used to show the courser and anatomical variation of vertebra artery,the shape of vertebrae,the relationship between the vertebra artery and adjacent structure,advantage artery.The distribution of screw placement,including perforation of the anterior wall,the inner wall, the outer wall,the upper wall,the interior wall and the inner wall of occipital were observed by VR,MIP and MPR after surgery, especially the relationship between the screw and vertebra artery,the screw and spinal cord.Comparing the correlation between the screw placement and postoperative symptoms.SPSS1 9.0 statistical packages were used for statistical analysis.Results VR,MIP and MPR can show the courser and nearby space relationship of cervical artery.The number of advantage artery was 25,equilibra-tion was 26,dysplasia variation was 13,course variation was 4.The number of tiny pedicle was 1 6,including 9 cases of ipsilateral advantage artery.The postoperative data analysis of 23 patients showed that:C1 -20,C2 -36,C3 - 1 5,C4 -2,occipital 40.The number of accurate screw placement was 83.Different type of perforation was 30,including 3 screws closing to vertebra artery,1 screw closing to spinal cord.All 23 patients were asymptomatic after surgery.Conclusion MSCTA can reflect the morphology of cervical vertebral,the spatial relationship between cervical vertebral and surrounding structure,which can provide an accurate refer-ence for clinical screw placement and improve the accuracy .The postoperative CTA can show screw placement accurately,which has great reference for the evaluation of clinical success rate of surgery and post-surgery treatment.

Objective To analyze CT manifestations of inguinal canal lipomas (ICLS).Methods CT datas of 104 pa tients with ICLS was retrospectively analyzed.And the imaging features were observed by MPR.Results The main CT manifestations of the ICLS were fat density in the inguinal canal and were unconnected with the abdominal fat.Among the 104 ICLSpatients,male (90/104,86.54％) was more than famale(14/104,13.46％;x2=55.538,P＜0.001).Thele sions were located at bilateral sides in 8 cases,left side in 66 cases and right side in 30 cases.The lesions in left side were more than those in right side (x2 13.500,P＜0.001).The mean maximum cross-sectional area of ICLS was (3.89 ± 2.12)cm2.There was no statistically significant difference between male and famale in maximum cross-sectional area (t=1.038,P=0.302).Conclusion In ICLS patients,male is more than famale.And more lesions are located at the left side.The CT manifestations of ICLS have certain characteristics,and MPR images are helpful in diagnosing ICLS.

Objective To explore the application value of ECG tube current modulation technology of dual source CT in coronary angiography,compared with retrospectively ECG-gated technique.Methods 200 patients were randomly divided into ECG tube current modulation group (Group A)and retrospectively ECG-gated group(Group B).In Group A,the main parameters were the exposure time windows of full dose,which were set according to different heart rates.χ2 test was adopted in the subjective score,and t test was used in the objective score and radiation dose.Results There was no statistical significance in image quality between the two groups(χ2 =2.125,tnoise =-0.557,P >0.05 );The effective dose (ED)of Group A and Group B were (3.30±0.40)mSv and(6.90±1.76)mSv,respectively.The difference was statistically significant (t ED =-1 9.954,P <0.05).The radiation dosage of Group A was 52% lower than that of Group B.Conclu-sion Compared with retrospectively ECG-gated technique,the ECG tube current modulation technique ensures the image quality, and at the same time it can significantly reduce the radiation dose,therefore,it can be used as a routine examination technique of cor-onary angiography.

Objective To study the factors effect on the measurement of CT value.Methods CT water phantom was scanned using the regular condition of scaning first,then changed one of scaning conditions (thick slice, exposure capacity, reconstruction of function, kV, FOV and CT-scanner) to scan the water phantom again. The CT value (mean?SD) of image region of interest (ROI) was compared in two conditions. Results The mean CT value in the opposite ROI in thick slice 5mm and exposure capacity 150 mAs was similar to that in thick slice 10mm and exposure capacity 300mAs, the reconstruction of function Fc80 was lower Fc10 , the 130kV was distinct higher 120Kv in mean of CT value respectively.The SD(noise) in thick slice 5mm was near to the exposure capacity 150mAs, while in contrast to the thick slice 10mm and the exposure capacity 300mAs was obvious increased , but the reconstruction of function Fc80 was distinct higher Fc10, the 130kV was slightly lower 120Kv in SD(noise) respectively . All of mean CT value and the noise in the small field were higher in the middle field ,when CT imaging in the water phantom of the single small field .This result was also received when the old Toshiba CT-scanner was compared with the new GE CT-scanner in the differ water plantom.Conclusion The CT value is not constant and can’t act as a diagnostic standred.

Objective To investigate the correlation of the polymorphisms of angiotensin Ⅱtype 1 receptor (AT1R)gene A1166C and angiotensinogen(AGT)gene M235T and blood biochemical indicators with essential hypertension(EH)in the male of Yi nationality in Yunnan province. Methods 92 hypertensive and 70 normotensive of Yi people were recruited in Yunnan province. Their basic information and blood biochemical indicators were obtained by questionnaire and standardized physical examination. The genes polymorphisms were determined by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism(PCR-RFLP)technique. Results(1)For the male EH patients of Yi nationality,1166C and 235T allele frequencies were 0.038 and 0.772. No significant differences in allele frequency or genotype frequency were observed between the two groups(P > 0.05).(2)The levels of TC,LDL-C and TG in EH were significantly higher than those in controls(P < 0.05). Conclusion The AT1R A1166C and AGT M235T polymorphisms were not related to the pathogenesis of EH in the male of Yi people. However,the high levels of TC,TG and LDL-C might be the risk factors of EH.

Purpose To explore the value of 64-slice spiral CT digital subtraction angiography in diagnosis of cerebral arteriovenous malformations (AVM).Materials and Methods 26 patients with AVM were performed with plain CT scan, enhanced arterial phase and venous phase CT scan on a 64-slice spiral CT scanner. The subtracted arterial phase data was obtained through subtracting the plain CT images from arterial phase images, then the subtracted venous phase data was obtained through subtracting arterial phase images from venous phase images, and subtracted mixed arterial-venous phase data through subtracting plain CT images from venous phase images. Then volume rendering (VR) and maximum intensity projection (MIP) were used to reconstruct the cerebral vessel images. Results The inference of cranial bones was completely removed in all subtracted cerebral vessel images, thus clearly demonstrating malformed vascular nest, feeding arteries and draining veins. And 7 malformed temporal vascular nests, 5 parietal vascular nests, 5 frontal vascular nests, 6 occipital vascular nests and 3 cerebellar vascular nests were revealed;39 feeding arteries were detected altogether. Single feeding artery was found in 15 cases, and multiple feeding arteries in 9 cases. Meanwhile 33 draining veins were observed, and single draining vein was found in 10 cases, multiple veins in 16 cases.Conclusion 64-slice subtraction angiography can remove the inference of cranial bones and clearly demonstrate the feeding arteries, malformed vascular nests, draining veins, potentially providing a reliable evidence for therapeutic planning and postoperative follow-up.