Specimens of 50 adult brain with meninges were examined under magnificationof 5?.The number of the superior cerebral veins(SCV)varies considerably on bothsides.Cases with 7 branches on one side are most commonly seen. SCV perforate the arachnoid either at the superior border of the cerebral hemi-sphere or far beyond it.More branches perforate the arachnoid beyond the superiorborder of the cerebral hemisphere.The length of SCV between the superior borderof the cerebral hemisphere and the point where the veins perforate the arachnoid ismeasured and in average,the length of the frontal veins and veins of central gyriis longer than that of the parieto-occipital veins.The outer caliber of the frontopolar veins and occipital veins is the smallest andthat of the combined trunk veins is the largest.Bridge veins usually occur in the branches of SCV except the left central vein.The incidence of the bridge vein in the left and right frontopolar veins is thehighest(50～60%).There is an adherent segment occurring in all branches of SCV.The incidenceof the adherent segment in different branches is almost over 50%.Therefore it maybe considered that the presence of the adherent segment in SCV is a normal pheno-menon.The frontal veins and the veins of the central gyri usually adhere to thedura,and the parieto-occipital veins to the lateral wall of the superior sagittal sinusand the cerebral falx.Very few perforated segments can be seen in frontal veins,yet the percentageof its presence in the both sides of the veins of central gyri and parieto-occipitalveins are 9% and 11.22% respectively.Any vein with a perforated segment per-forates the lateral wall of the superior sagittal sinus predominantly.The application of the bridging vein,or adherent segment and perforated seg-ment of the SCV in neurosurgery has been discussed.

The morphology of the extraglandular and intraglandular portions of the adrenal veins and other veins concerned with the catheterization in adrenal venography was observed on 53 adult cadavers.The extraglandnlar portion of both adrenal veins is of single trunk type on all the specimens. The left adrenal vein consistently ends into the left renal vein while the right adrenal vein ends into the inferior vena cava in 83.02% of cases and into the right accessory hepatic vein in 9.43%.The length and diameter of the extraglandular portion of the left adrenal vein are 23.05?5.96 mm and 4.99?0.82 mm and those of the right adrenal vein are 8.73?5.13 mm and 2.93 ? 0.87 mm. The angle formed by the left adrenal and left renal veins is 117.35?11.95? and that formed by right adrenal vein and inferior vena cava is 47.5?14.58?.The distances from the femoral vein(lower margin of inguinal ligment)through the external and common iliac veins and inferior vena cava to the hila of both adrenal glands were measured. They may be used as references in performing adrenal venography.The intraglandular portion of the adrenal veins is of three types: single, double and triple trunk types. The single trunk type is the most common occurring in 86% of the left adrenal veins and 50% of the right veins. The triple trunk type exists only on the right side.In addition, the feasibilities and difficulties of the catheterization of the both adrenal veins were discussed according to the anatomy studied.

Objective To explore the influencing factors of high risk osteoporosis (OP) population. Methods Using multi-stage cluster sampling method, 1 district was selected from each of the 6 cities randomly, then 3 communities were selected from each district randomly. Questionnaire investigation and physical examination were applied to community residents aged 40-69 years old. The questionnaire mainly included basic information, OP risk assessment (using the 1 minute test method developed by the International OP Foundation), health status and lifestyle information (recent 12 months). The relationship between high-risk groups and influencing factors was analyzed by unconditional logistic regression. Results Totally 6577 valid questionnaires were collected, 2069 were male (31.46％) and 4508 were female (68.54％). A total of 166 cases (2.52％) were found as self-reported OP patients at the age of 40-69, self-reported rate of male (1.55％) was lower than that of female (2.97％) (χ2=11.719, P<0.01), the rate was higher among people aged 60-69 years than people aged 40-49 (χ2=44.766, P<0.01);3400 cases (52.28％) were found as high-risk individuals,there were more male at higher risk than female (OR=1.845). Among different age groups, the 50-59 and 60-69 years age groups had more high risk people than that of 40-49 years group (with OR=2.171 and OR=2.854 respectively). Comparative analysis was also conducted for the following factors: degree of education [college or above (OR=0.517) compared with primary school or junior middle school], occupation [compared with civil servants, technical management personnel (OR=2.289), business services (OR=2.224), farming/forestry/fishing (OR=2.258) and production/transportation staff (OR=2.552)], self-reported history of chronic disease (OR=1.596), fracture (OR=4.061), body pain (OR=2.286) and foot cramps (OR=1.923), as well as calcium/vitamin D intake (OR=1.357), increased sunlight (OR=1.256), daily walking steps>5000 (OR=1.336) and BMI>24.00 (OR=1.322), they were all related to a increased proportion of high risk population. Conclusion The proportion of OP high-risk groups is higher among people aged 40-69. Gender, age, cultural level, occupation, bad health status and lifestyle changes are closely related to higher OP risk. Community residents OP screening should be continued to further study the risk factors of OP.

Objective:To establish cell lines stably expressing Rab5a and its the inactive mutant Rab5aN133I,analyze the effect of Rab5a on the expression of cytokines in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells .Methods:RAW264.7 cells were transfected with Rab5a and its inactive mutant vector Rab5a N133I separately,and then screened by G418.Rab5a stable expressing cell lines were identified by Real time-PCR.The growth of the stable cell lines was analyzed by MTT assay.After the stable cell lines were stimulated by LPS for different time periods,the expression of iNOS,TNF-αand IL-6 was detected.Results:Rab5a and Rab5aN133I transfection resulted in elevated Rab5a mRNA expression compared with the control cells ( P<0.05 ).Rab5a overexpression enhanced the proliferation of RAW264.7 cells.However,the proliferation of Rab5aN133I cells was significantly slower than the control cells ( P<0.05).Overexpression of Rab5a promoted LPS-induced production of iNOS,TNF-αand IL-6 in RAW264.7 cells (P<0.01). Conversely,overexpression of Rab5aN133I abolished the stimulating effects of Rab5a.Conclusion: Rab5a promoted LPS-induced expression of iNOS,TNF-αand IL-6 in RAW264.7 macrophages in a GTP-binding ability-dependent manner.

Objective To explore the clinical efficacy of Ilizarov technique for infected-bone defect in lower extremity.Methods From January 2013 to December 2016,data of 31 consecutive patients with lower limb infected bone defect were retrospectively analyzed.There were 23 males and 8 females,with an average age of 35.8 years (range,5-57 years).16 cases of infected bone defect were on femur while the other 15 were on tibia.The infected bone defects were developed from blood-borne osteomyelitis in 3 cases,from open fracture (according to Gustlio classification,Gustilo Ⅱ 8,Ⅲ a 5,Ⅲ b 4) surgery in 17 cases (12 cases after external fixation and 5 cases after internal fixation),and from closed fracture surgery of plate or intramedullary nail fixation in 11 cases.Soft-tissue defects were observed in 5 cases,including 1 femur and 4 tibia.The previous operations were performed with an average operation time of 3.2 (range,2-5 times) and treatment duration of 9.6 months (range,3-21 months).The operation process was one stage debridement,external fixation,combined with bone osteotomy and transportation.Bone transportation started 7 to 10 days after osteotomy with a speed of 1 mm/d,and 0.25 mm/time.Healing rate and complications were recorded during the follow-up period and were assessed by Paley fracture healing score.Results The length of bone defect after debridement was 6.9 cm (range,3-13.5 cm).There were 27 cases positive in bacterial culture,who were treated by sensitive antibiotics.The other 4 cases were negative and treated by broad-spectrum antibiotics.The bone lengthening speed was 0.76 mm/d (range,0.56-0.86 mm/d).All bone and soft-tissue defects healed,with average bone healing time of 11.5 months (range,6-18.5 months).All patients were followed-up for 12 to 48 months (average,25.5 months).Pin infection appeared in 11 cases (8 cases on femur and 3 cases on tibia)who were cured by oral antibiotics,serial dressing and debridement.Axial displacement was presented in 4 cases on femur and were corrected by external fixation adjustment.No recurrent infection was observed and the limb length restored normal.Postoperative complications in femur were 106.3％ (17/16) comparing 46.7％ (7/15) in tibia.According to Paley fracture healing score,12 cases were excellent,14 were good and 5 were fair,yielding an excellent to good rate of 83.9％ (26/31).Conclusion Ilizarov technique is an effective way in the treatment of infected-bone defects.The complication rates on femur observed in this study were slightly higher than that on tibia.

Objective:To explore the association rules of personality traits and health-promoting lifestyle in patients with primary angle closure glaucoma, so as to provide advice for the synthetical treatment.Methods:From July to November 2021, a total of 117 primary angle closure glaucoma patients(acute patients n=89, chronic patients n=28) in ophthalmology department of five hospitals in Nanjing were investigated with type A behavior pattern scale, health-promoting lifestyle scale Ⅱ and general information questionnaire.Based on Weka 3.8.5, algorithm of Apriori was used to mine its association relationship. Results:(1) The total scores of type A behavior pattern scale for patients with acute and chronic types of primary angle closure glaucoma were (32.48±6.43) and (27.54±6.49) respectively.The total scores of health-promoting lifestyle scale Ⅱ were (101.69±11.83) and (97.79±7.78) respectively.(2) There were positive associations among patients with acute primary angle closure glaucoma, type A/A-personality (including impatience and hostility) and health-promoting lifestyle (including stress management disorder, interpersonal relationship management disorder, well sense of health responsibility and adequate dietary nutrition intake)(all support>0.1, confidence >0.6, lift >1.0). And patients with chronic primary angle closure glaucoma were associated with B/B-personality (including patience and mild), health-promoting lifestyle (including stress management disorder, interpersonal relationship management disorder, well sense of health responsibility and adequate dietary nutrition intake)(all support>0.1, confidence >0.6, lift >1.0).Conclusion:Primary angle closure glaucoma is strongly related with personality traits and health-promoting lifestyle.Its synthetical treatment plan should take both physical and mental measures, and classified health management for patients with different disease types.

Lactic acid bacteria and cellulose degrading bacteria play an important role in fermentation process of silage, because they can prevent the rancidity and increase the nutritive value of silage. But the propagation of lactic acid bacteria will inhibit the activity of cellulose degrading bacteria in the silage fermentation system. This problem can be solved by releasing lactic acid bacteria and cellulose degrading bacteria in different time. Therefore, we immobilized lactic acid bacteria as a microbial agent for sustained release. Firstly, the optimal balling concentration of the composite immobilized carrier and composite immobilized carrier were obtained by immobilization of blank balls and corncob adsorbed Lactobacillus plantarum S1 respectively. The best immobilization condition of L. plantarum S1 was obtained by comparing the immobilized rate and balling effect of two kinds of balls, which were embedded by sodium alginate (SA), CMC-Na and embedded-crosslinked by SA, CMC-Na, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). The results showed that the best balling concentration was achieved by using 6% PVA+0.4% SA+0.3% CMC-Na for embedding-crosslinking and 1.2% SA+0.5% CMC-Na for direct embedding respectively. In addition, comparing with the mechanical strength and embedding rate of five kinds of immobilization process, the best immobilized process was obtained by adding of the mixture of immobilized carriers (1.2%SA+ 0.5%CMC-Na) and corncob adsorbed L. plantarum S1 slowly into 4% CaCl₂ for 24 hours. The corncob adsorption and SA embedding methodology can effectively increase the embedding efficiency of Lactobacillus plantarum S1.