Clinicopathology is a clinical application technology of histomorphological examination on tissue biopsy specimens,gross sampling and slice,and a pathological diagnosis is obtained by combining with clinical manifestations,surgical findings,gross changes and the cell morphology change under the optical microscope and further immunohistochemistry and molecular biological detection on tissue sections,thus to accurately diagnose the disease and provide a reliable basis for pathological disease etiology,pathogenesis research,eye disease outcome and prognosis judgement.Ocular pathology was not only the gold standard of the diagnosis,but also a therapeutic tool for eye diseases.Ophthalmology is a surgery related clinical disciplines.In clinical work,we found that ignoring the pathological examination of resected tissue specimens is the primary cause of misdiagnosis and mistreatment of eye disease,diagnostic delays can also increase the disease deterioration and mortality risk.Ocular clinical and pathological examination is one of the specific measures to avoid misdiagnosis and mistreatment,it is suggested that ophthalmology clinicians pay attention to the pathological examination in order to carry out precise treatment of eye diseases.

Objective To investigate the disease categories of the upper alimentary tract and the ratio of Hp infection in countryside children. Methods 96 children with complaint in upper digestive tracts underwent gastro-scope and in each patient,a piece of mueosal tissue in sinus ventrieuli was taken out to perform Hp urase test. Results All of the 96 children were detected abnormal including chronic superficial gastritis (n = 63), ulcer of duodenal bulb(n = 13) ,enteritis of duodenal bulb(n =7) ,gastritis with bile reflux(n =4) ,erosive gastritis(n =2) ,ascariasis (n = 6), aneylestomiasis(n = 3). The positive rate was 100%. 49/96 (51%) were positive in Hp test, including 36/ 63(57.1%) of chronic gastritis ,10/13(76.9%) of ulcer of duodenal bulb,2/7 (28.6%) of enteritis of duodenum. Hp were positive in 11 (35.5%) in the group with age range from 3 to 6 years old and positive in 38 (58.5%) in the group with age range from 7 to 12 years old. Conclusion Chronic superficial gastritis and ulcer of duodenal bulb were the main findings in gastrescopy in children with a upper digestive tract complaint. Hp infection ratio was highest in patients with ulcer of duodenal bulb in our study, and followed by the chronic gastritis. And the infection rate in-creased with the age increased.

Drug-resistant bacteria pulmonary infection in the elderly is increasing, which brings difficulties to the selection of antibiotics. Based on the integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine, targeting the key to the pathogenesis of the drug-resistant bacteria pulmonary infection deficiency of vital energy, phlegm and dampness, the author adopted Fuzheng Qinghua therapy to obtain satisfactory efficacy.

Severe traumatic brain injury is a common clinical emergency, which is often combined with pulmonary contusion syndrome, and the treatment will be more difficult. This article started from the integration of traditional Chinese and Western medicine, and adoptedHuoxue Tongfu therapy by targeting the key pathogenesis qi stagnation and blood stasis of the disease, which achieved satisfactory efficay.

Objective To review the characteristics of human defensin 5 (HD 5), including molecular structure, antibacterial activity and gene expression, and to show its development prospect as a new drug in the treatment of enterogenic infection. Methods The published papers about HD 5 were reviewed to summarize its research progress. Results Being a 3-5 KDa cationic peptide rich in cysteine and arginine, especially without glycosylated side chain, HD 5 plays its antibacterial role against positive and negative Gram's bacterium, fungi, spirochete, protozoan and enveloped virus with the special active center composed of three disulfide bonds. HD 5 encoding gene alpha defensin 5 (DEFA 5) localizes at the 8th chromosome P21 pter with 449 bp, which includes five pieces of sequence: 5′ untranslated region (1-40),signal peptide (41-97), propiece (98-226), mature peptide (227-322),and Poly A (433-438).Conclusion As a broad spectrum and effective endogenous antimicrobial peptide, HD 5 would be a promising alternative peptide against enterogenic infection if the accessibility to its mass production is settled.

Angiotensin II (Ang II ) is an effector of rein-angiotensin system. Ang II receptors mediate its biological effects. An analysis of radioactive ligand demostrated that mammalian exists AT1 receptor and AT2 receptor subtype. AT1 receptor exists three isoforms, AT1A, AT1B and AT1c receptor subtype in rat and mouse. The AT3 and the AT4 subtype receptors had been cloned, but their structure and function were unknown. The AT1 receptor belongs to the superfamily of seven trans-membrane domain, G-protein-coupled receptors and was 20%~ 30% homologous to other G-protein-coupled receptors. The AT1 receptor mainly exists in vessel, heart and adrenal glands in adult animals. The AT2 receptor only has 32% amino acid sequences homologous to AT1 receptor and mainly exists in embronic tissue and intersti-tium. Recent studies have shown that the AT1 receptor may mediate most of the biological functionof Ang I . The AT1 receptor mediates promoting the expression of growth-related inducible transcription factors such as c-fos, c-jun and c-myc, and inducing myocardial cell hypertrophy, cardiac fibroblasts proliferation and interstitial collagen deposition. The AT1 receptor antagonist can reverse myocardial hypertrophy and collagen accumulation induced by hypertension, but the AT2 receptor antagonist can't. The biological function of the AT2 receptor is little known. The AT2 receptor may mediate inhibit on of growth factor-induced cell proliferation, oposite AT1 receptor-induced mi-togenic effect and induce apoptosis. The AT1 receptor and AT2 receptor subtype in myocardial tissue may regulate the genesis and development of myocardial remodeling in hypertension togather.

Objective:To observe recovery of the pelvic floor muscle by using electrical stimulation biofeedback system in first-time mothers after natural birth.Methods: One hundred an seventy-two cases of primipara by transvaginal full-term natural birth, less than 35 years old, myodynamiaⅢ or less level were choosed for research object between January 2013 and January 2014 in our hospital. According to admission order, an odd number into the control group, even into the treatment group, 93 cases in each group. Kegel exercise method was used to pelvic floor muscle rehabilitation in control group, on the basis of the treatment in control group, recovery of postpartum pelvic floor muscle was conducted by using electrical stimulation biofeedback apparatus in treatment group. Strength of maternal pelvic floor muscle after recovery was tested with neuromuscular stimulation therapy apparatus and to investigate rate of urinary incontinence and sexual satisfaction in two groups.Results:①The cases ofⅠ,Ⅱ class A and BⅡ pelvic floor muscle fiber restoring toⅣ andⅤ increased significantly after electrical stimulation biofeedback system treatment in treatment group, compared with control group, the difference was statistically significant.The pelvic floor muscle strength increased significantly after treatment in treatment group (P<0.05).②Urinary incontinence rate after treatment for 2 months and 6 months in treatment group was lower significantly than that in control group, sexual life satisfaction was higher significantly than that in control group, differences between groups were statistically significant (P<0.05).Conclusion: Application of electrical stimulation biofeedback system in the treatment of female pelvic floor muscle dysfunction can enhance the enthusiasm of the patients in treatment and curative effect is reliable, and no obvious complications occurred, is worth further promotion in clinical.

OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the economics of penehyclidine hydrochloride and atropine in the treatment of acute organophosphorus poisoning (AOPP).METHODS:The information of 118 AOPP patients were collected and divided into group A (59 cases) and B (59 cases) according to therapy plan.There were 22 cases of mild poisoning,20 cases of moderate poisoning and 17 cases of severe poisoning in group A.There were 21 mild cases,21 moderate cases and 17 severe cases in group B.Based on routine treatment,group A was given Penehyclidine hydrochloride injection intramuscularly with initial dose of 1 mg (mild),2 mg (moderate) and 4 mg (severe).Group B was given Atropine sulfate injection intravenously,with initial dose of 2 mg (mild),5 mg (moderate) and 10 mg (severe).Both received maintenance treatment according to patients condition and stopped taking medicine after symptoms disappeared.Clinical efficacies,the time of acetylcholinesterase recovery and ADR were observed in 2 groups.The economics of therapy plans for mild,moderate and severe poisoning were evaluated in 2 groups by cost-effectiveness analysis.RESULTS:There was no statistical significance in total response rate of mild poisoning or the time of acetylcholinesterase recovery between 2 groups (P＞0.05).Total effective rates of moderate and severe poisoning in group A were significantly higher than group B,and the time of acetylcholinesterase recovery was significantly shorter than group B,with statistical significance (P＜0.05).There was no statistical significance in the incidence of ADR in mild,moderate and severe poisoning patients (P＞0.05).Cost-effectiveness ratio of penehyclidine hydrochloride was similar to that of atropine in mild poisoning patients;that of penehyclidine hydrochloride were significantly lower than that of atropine in moderate and severe patients.It was inline with the results of sensitivity analysis.CONCLUSIONS:Based on routine treatment,penehyclidine hydrochloride is similar to atropine in therapeutic efficacy of AOPP and the time of acetylcholinesterase recovery.For moderate and severe AOPP patients,penehyclidine hydrochloride is significantly better than atropine in improving therapeutic efficacy and the time of acetylcholinesterase recovery.The safety of 2 drugs are satisfactory;penehyclidine hydrochloride possesses cost-effectiveness advantage.

BACKGROUND: Real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) refers to join the fluorescence groups into PCR reacting system, and to real-time monitor entire PCR process using the fluorescence signal accumulation, finally to make the quantitative analysis of the unknown template through the standard curve. OBJECTIVE: To study the theory of real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR and to explore its applications and progress in medicine. METHODS: With "real-time fluorescence quota PCR, theorem, application" in English for the search term, PubMed database was retrieved from January 2000 to December 2008. With "real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR, principle, application" in Chinese for the search term, Wanfang Database from January 2000 to December 2008, Tsinghua Tongfang Chinese database from January 2000 to December 2008 ware was retrieved. Literatures were limited to English and Chinese languages. Cell factor and tumor resistance genes served as the evaluation index. The methodology of research on the real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR technology and medical applied research on real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR technology were included. While repetitive research and Meta analysis were excluded. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Because real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR technology has not only realized PCR develops from qualitative to quantitative levels, but also has strong specificity, high sensitivity, good duplication, accurate quantization, high automaticity, and entire blocking response compared with conventional PCR, thus it becomes the important tool in the molecular biology research. Real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR technique has been widely applied, such as mRNA expression, detections of DNA copy number and determination of mononucleotide polymorphism, as well as in the clinical medicine including accurate quantitative examination of mycobacterium tuberculosis, Type B and Type C hepatitis, AIDS virus, gonococcus, and chlamydia trachomatis. Its quantitative scope extremely extends, no need of gradient dilution, the specificity is stronger, overcomes the false positivity. Due to the traditional PCR technology cannot give the accurate quantization, it is greatly limited in the practical application. Therefore, the accurate quantization of the PCR product, particularly the dynamic monitoring of viral etiology, becomes the urgent need.

Objective: To obtain anatomical parameters for surgery of the cavernous sinus. Methods:The anatomical study of nerves and triangles of the cavernous sinous was made in 15 adult cadaver brians by microanatomical methods. Results: Ten triangles of the cavernous sinus and 3rd cranial nerve, 4th cranial nerve in each cavernous sinus were studied. It was discovered that almost all content could be shown through Hakuba triangle and Parkinson triangle. Conclusion: The anatomical parameters of cavernous sinus is obtained, it is useful for surgical treatment of cavernous diseases. [