The peroneal artery and its relation to the blood supply of the fibula was studied in 100 Chinese adult cadavers. The results were as follows:1. The length of fibula ranged from 29.8 to 40.0 cm with an average of 34.26 ?0.23 cm.2. In the 100 cases, about 90.0?3.0% of the peroneal artery originated from the posterior tibial artery; 1.0?0.99% from anterior tibial artery; and 1.0?0.99% from the popliteal artery; and 8.0?2.71% the peroneal artery replaced the posterior tibial artery.3. The external diameter of the origin of the peroneal artery ranged from 0.15 to 0.6 cm with an average of 0.37?0.01 cm.4. The place where the peroneal artery comes to a distance of 0.5 cm from the fibula was taken as the approach point. The distance of this point to the apex of fibular capitulum varied from 6.30 to 17.01 cm with an average of 10.35?0.22 cm5. There were 94 fibular nutrient arteries in which, two were found in doublets. No fibular artery was found in 8 cases. Its length ranged from 0.4 to 2.0 cm with an average of 0.9?0.07cm.6. 51.06?5.0% of the fibular nutrient foramina were found on the posterior of fibula, where it is the most commonly located.7. There were 1～5(more frequently 3～4)branches of the arch artery supplying the periosteum and bone cortex.8. The muscular branches supplied the posterior and lateral muscle groups, their numbers varied greatly.9. According to its origin, the peroneal artery may be grouped into four types. The most common type was those came from the posterior tibial artery (90.0?3.0%).10. The peroneal artery was discussed with reference to the blood supply of fibula. It points out the importance of the middle/upper, lower/upper, upper/middle and middle/middle segments of this artery in surgery.