The Korean Mental Health Act has been radically reformed recently in order to improve psychiatric patients' human rights by regulating the compulsory admission process. However, the expert group brought up questions about difficulties in practice and incoherence in its philosophy before the Act was implemented. There are already discussions concerning the next revision of the Act. In such a situation, lessons can be learned from the experiences of other countries. Articles on psychiatric compulsory admission were comprehensively reviewed with the focus on legal criteria, and found that current trends worldwide include a move towards broad diagnostic criteria, use of capacity and treatability test, and treatment in the interest of health rather than safety. In addition, we introduce the Whittington scale, an assessment tool for the appropriateness of hospitalization used in the Connecticut Mental Health Center, US, as a reference for the similar procedure being implemented soon in Korea.
Connecticut ; Dangerous Behavior ; Hospitalization ; Human Rights ; Korea ; Mental Disorders ; Mental Health ; Philosophy

No abstract available.
Animals ; Brain* ; Cats* ; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy*

PURPOSE: The aim of this study is to determine possibility of application of in vivo proton (1H) magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) in distinguishing cystic mass arising around pancreas by comparison of in vivo MRS, in vitro MRS using 3T MR machine, based on nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). MATERIALS AND METHODS: We obtained spectra of in vivo MRS, in vitro MRS and NMR from abdominal mass arising around pancreas (mucinous cystic neoplasm=5, intraductal papillary mucin producing tumor=5, pseudocyst=1, and lymphangioma=1). We estimated existence of peak of in vivo MRS, and in vitro MRS concordant to that of NMR. We also evaluated differential peak for predicting specific disease. RESULTS: Correlation of presence of peak with NMR showed showed sensitivity of 29.6%, specificity of 82.6% and accuracy of 67.7% on in vivo MRS (p = 0.096, McNemar test), sensitivity of 57.1% and specificity of 92.6% and accuracy of 82.3% on in vitro MRS (p = 0.362, McNemar test). The spectra of NMR for IPMT showed more frequent peaks at 3.5-4.0 ppm (p=0.026). CONCLUSION: Although chemical analysis, using NMR could be regarded as possible tool to differentiate cystic masses, in vivo and in vitro MRS need further technical evolution for clinical application.
Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy ; Mucins ; Pancreas ; Protons ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Spectrum Analysis

Objectives: Maltreatment experiences can alter brain function related to emotion regulation, such as cognitive reappraisal. While dysregulation of emotion is an important risk factor to mental health problems in maltreated people, studies reported alterations in brain networks related to cognitive reappraisal are still lacking. Methods: Twenty-seven healthy subjects were recruited in this study. The maltreatment experiences and positive reappraisal abilities were measured using the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire-Short Form and the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire, respectively. Twelve subjects reported one or more moderate maltreatment experiences. Subjects were re-exposed to pictures after the cognitive reappraisal task using the International Affective Picture System during fMRI scan. Results: The maltreatment group reported more negative feelings on negative pictures which tried cognitive reappraisal than the no-maltreatment group (p < 0.05). Activities in the right superior marginal gyrus and right middle temporal gyrus were higher in the maltreatment group (uncorrected p < 0.001, cluster size > 20). Conclusions We found that paradoxical activities in semantic networks were shown in the victims of maltreatment. Further study might be needed to clarify these aberrant functions in semantic networks related to maltreatment experiences.

Objective: Although cognitive models of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) fall into two categories: cognitive deficit models and dysfunctional belief models, these approaches have their own ways and have hardly been reconciled. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the potential relationships between cognitive deficit (using the Wisconsin Card Sorting Task, WCST) and dysfunctional belief (measured by scales of dysfunctional beliefs) mediated by neural activity in OCD patients. Methods: Thirty OCD patients and 30 healthy participants performed the WCST condition and a baseline MATCH condition during the 3T-functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) acquisition. Results: Engagement of additional frontoparietal networks with poorer performance of WCST was found during the fMRI scan in OCD patients. Selected regions of interest from activated regions have positive relationships with dysfunctional beliefs and with the unacceptable thoughts symptom dimension in the OCD group. Conclusion Findings suggest that alteration in frontoparietal networks related to cognitive deficits can be associated with dysfunctional beliefs while performing conventional neurocognitive tasks and this association with dysfunctional beliefs may be pronounced in the unacceptable thoughts domain-dominant OCD patients.

Objective: Although cognitive models of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) fall into two categories: cognitive deficit models and dysfunctional belief models, these approaches have their own ways and have hardly been reconciled. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the potential relationships between cognitive deficit (using the Wisconsin Card Sorting Task, WCST) and dysfunctional belief (measured by scales of dysfunctional beliefs) mediated by neural activity in OCD patients. Methods: Thirty OCD patients and 30 healthy participants performed the WCST condition and a baseline MATCH condition during the 3T-functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) acquisition. Results: Engagement of additional frontoparietal networks with poorer performance of WCST was found during the fMRI scan in OCD patients. Selected regions of interest from activated regions have positive relationships with dysfunctional beliefs and with the unacceptable thoughts symptom dimension in the OCD group. Conclusion Findings suggest that alteration in frontoparietal networks related to cognitive deficits can be associated with dysfunctional beliefs while performing conventional neurocognitive tasks and this association with dysfunctional beliefs may be pronounced in the unacceptable thoughts domain-dominant OCD patients.

Visuosocial memory is defined as stored visual information containing social context. Primates have a powerful ability to associate visuosocial memory with episodic memory. However, the existence of visuosocial memory in mice remains unclear. Here, we design a novel vision-specific social memory test using a portrait picture or mirrored self-image and demonstrate that mice can distinguish conspecific from other species by forming a visuosocial memory. Because CA2 hippocampus has been reported as a critical brain region for social memory, we develop CA2-specific blockade of memory formation through deletion of phospholipase C gamma 1 (PLCγ1), which is a key molecule in the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) signaling pathway. Interestingly, these mice have intact sociability but impaired social memory in three chamber test and five-trial social memory test, which is highly dependent on visual information. Finally, PLCγ1 deletion in CA2 impairs visuosocial preference memory, but not avoidance memory, whereas non-social object recognition is intact. Our study proposes that mice have visuosocial memory, just as primates and humans.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate brain activity in youth during chewing gum and wood stick using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Methods: Two participants chewed wax gums and wood stick on the rhythm of 1 Hz during MRI scanning. The task paradigm was a block design and each chewing-rest procedure was repeated five times for 30s. Results: The brain regions activated during chewing gum and wood stick were the precentral gyrus, postcentral gyrus, supplementary motor area, thalamus cerebellum. The medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), hippocampus, and precuneus were additionally activated by mastication of the wood stick. Brain activation induced by chewing wood stick was higher than chewing gum. Conclusions Our results suggest that mastication contribute to cognitive improvement through brain activity, this effect is stronger during chewing wood than gum. Therefore, eating harder foods may improve cognitive function more effectively.

Lipomas are mostly located in the subcutaneous tissues and rarely cause symptoms. Occasionally, peripheral nerve compression by lipomas is reported. We describe a case of a 59-year-old man with a left-middle cerebral artery infarction who was newly diagnosed as right basal ganglia and thalamic intracranial hemorrhage. He had neuropathic pain in the left arm and leg that was suspected to be central post-stroke pain. The administration of pain medication brought only temporary symptom relief. Nerve conduction and electromyography studies revealed left L5 radiculopathy and he showed a positive ‘sign of the buttock’ in the left hip. Left-hip magnetic resonance imaging revealed an intermuscular lipoma compressing the sciatic nerve. After surgery, the range of motion in the left hip joint was significantly increased, and the patient's pain was relieved.
Arm ; Basal Ganglia ; Cerebral Arteries ; Electromyography ; Hip ; Hip Joint ; Humans ; Infarction ; Intracranial Hemorrhages ; Leg ; Lipoma* ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Middle Aged ; Neural Conduction ; Neuralgia ; Peripheral Nerves ; Radiculopathy ; Range of Motion, Articular ; Sciatic Nerve* ; Subcutaneous Tissue

PURPOSE: To report the use of multiband accelerated echo-planar imaging (EPI) for resting-state functional MRI (rs-fMRI) to achieve rapid high temporal resolution at 3T compared to conventional EPI. MATERIALS AND METHODS: rs-fMRI data were acquired from 20 healthy right-handed volunteers by using three methods: conventional single-band gradient-echo EPI acquisition (Data 1), multiband gradient-echo EPI acquisition with 240 volumes (Data 2) and 480 volumes (Data 3). Temporal signal-to-noise ratio (tSNR) maps were obtained by dividing the mean of the time course of each voxel by its temporal standard deviation. The resting-state sensorimotor network (SMN) and default mode network (DMN) were estimated using independent component analysis (ICA) and a seed-based method. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed between the tSNR map, SMN, and DMN from the three data sets for between-group analysis. P < 0.05 with a family-wise error (FWE) correction for multiple comparisons was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: One-way ANOVA and post-hoc two-sample t-tests showed that the tSNR was higher in Data 1 than Data 2 and 3 in white matter structures such as the striatum and medial and superior longitudinal fasciculus. One-way ANOVA revealed no differences in SMN or DMN across the three data sets. CONCLUSION: Within the adapted metrics estimated under specific imaging conditions employed in this study, multiband accelerated EPI, which substantially reduced scan times, provides the same quality image of functional connectivity as rs-fMRI by using conventional EPI at 3T. Under employed imaging conditions, this technique shows strong potential for clinical acceptance and translation of rs-fMRI protocols with potential advantages in spatial and/or temporal resolution. However, further study is warranted to evaluate whether the current findings can be generalized in diverse settings.
Dataset ; Echo-Planar Imaging* ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging* ; Methods ; Signal-To-Noise Ratio ; Volunteers ; White Matter