OBJECTIVE To find standard for the management of the medical waste through the plan,do,check and action(PDCA) loop method. METHODS Four steps of PDCA were done to treat the medical wastes. RESULTS Establishment of the effective management of organization and the feasible rules and regulations was an important pledge.Training,propaganda and education for enhancing every-one′s management consciousness were a considerable element.Matching institutions for treating medical waste was the most important basis.Examinations according to the formulated quality specification were the artifice. CONCLUSIONS PDCA loop method is one of the scientific management for treating the medical wastes.

OBJECTIVE To understand the characteristics of nosocomial infection and its risk factors in the department of neurology, and to explore effective prevention and control measures for reducing the incident rate of nosocomial infection. METHODS Target monitoring procedures were setup. Prospective monitoring was done in inpatients in the department of neurology from Jan 2005 to Dec 2006. RESULTS Among 2682 patients, 135 patients (163 cases) suffered from nosocomial infection. The infection rate of the cases was 6.08%. Compared to the rate before monitoring (13.77%), it decreased 7.69%. The most common infection sites of the nosocomial infection were lower respiratory tract (34.36%) and urinary tract (26.38%), respectively. Pathogen test showed that main pathogens were Gram-negative bacilli (50.00%), then the fungi (32.95%). CONCLUSIONS Through target monitoring we can acquire patients′ information accurately in time, and set effective prevention and control measures to reduce the nosocomial infection rate.

OBJECTIVE To analyze the risk factors of the Catheter-Related Blood Stream Infection(CRBSI) in the intensive care unit(ICU),and to approach effective methods for preventing the CRBSI in ICU.METHODS With the method of objective investigation,all patients in ICU from Jan,2008 to Dec,2008 were studied.The risk factors of CRBSI were investigated.RESULTS 257 patients entered the study.A total of 147 cases suffered from the nosocomial infection(NI).The incidence rate of the NI was 57.2%.Among these,36 cases were dignosised of the CRBSI,and the case-infection rate was 14.07%.The number of CRBSI account for 24.49% of the patients who suffered from the NI.The nosocomial infection rate perday the CRBSI was 16.57‰.It was significantly higher than that of the general wards′.The pathogen detection showed the main pathogen was the G+ bacteria,accounting for 54.04%.Then was the G-bacteria,accounting for 37.84%.The fungus accounted for 8.11%.11 unusual drug resistance bacteria were found(6 ESBLs positive bacteria and 5 MRS bacteria).CONCLUSIONS The incidence of the CRBSI is related to the following reasons: days and the sites of the catheter being placed,the procedure the medical personnel done,the immune function of the patients,and the utilization or unutilization of the high-nutrition drugs through the vein.According to these reasons,strict aseptic technique,reasonable choice of the catheter site,shortening the duration the catheter insertion,and maintaining catheter unobstructed are the keys to prevent the incidence of the CRBSI.

OBJECTIVE To analyze the status quo of pathogenic bacteria distribution and drug resistance of hospital infection in intensive care unit,to provide evidence for the guidance of clinical rational administration and to decrease the hospital infection. METHODS Pathogenic bacteria were isolated from patients who suffered from hospital infection in intensive care unit from 2001 to 2004.K-B slip diffusion method was taken to carry out the sensitive test.Rate of drug resistance of the pathogenic bacteria was analyzed. RESULTS As the bacteria distribution,the highest isolated rate was 60.77%,which was isolated from the sample of respiratory tract.The main pathogenic bacteria were the Gram-negative bacilli(47.69%).And the second pathogenic bacteria were the mycetes(37.69%).The Gram-positive cocci(14.62%) occupied the third.The monitoring of the drug resistance showed that rate of the drug fast was rather higher.The detection rate of the meticillin-resistant staphylococci was 81.82%.The detection rate of the ESBLs from the Escherichia coli and the Klebsiella pneumoniae was 75.00% and 57.14%,respectively. CONCLUSIONS Intensive care unit is one of the highest risk departments for the hospital infection.Generally,the pathogenic bacteria are the multidrug-resistant ones.Enhanced monitoring on pathogenic bacteria distribution and drug resistance analyses of hospital infection in intensive care unit could benefit for the guide of clinical rational administration,the depression of multidrug-resistant bacteria,and the decrease in hospital infection.

Objective To investigate the effect of pulsed ultrasound therapy (US) on medial collateral liga-ment healing in rats and it's mechanism.MethodsEighteen 3-month-old male Sprague-Dawley rats with transected medial collateral ligaments (MCLs) were studied. They were randomly divided into a control group, a 0.5 W/cm~2 group and a 1. 0 W/cm~2 group.The control group was not given any treatment.The 0. 5 W/cm~2 group and 1.0 W/cm~2 group were given 10 minutes of pulsed US (duty cycle: on/off = 3 ms/1 ms) daily for 8 days at either 0.5 or 1.0 W/cm~2 intensity. All the rats were sacrificed on the 9th day. After macroscopic examination, their MCLs were harvested and studied using haematoxylin-eosin staining, Van Gieson's staining and immunohistochemical tech-niques in order to detect transforming growth factor beta-1(TGF-β1) and any histological or histochemical changes.ResultsMacroscopically, the lacerated MCLs had healed with scar tissue formation. Scarring appeared to be greater in the 0.5 W/cm~2 and 1.0 W/cm~2 groups than in the control group. Inflamed cells appeared to be more numerous in the treated groups than in the controls. There were significant differences in collagen fiber extent among all three groups. In the 1.0 W/cm~2 group, the average level of TGF-β1 was significantly up-regulated, and TGF-β1 expres-sion was higher than in the other two groups.ConclusionsPulsed US can improve ligament healing in the short term, however whether long-term treatment with US can yield further improvement is unknown. Pulsed US can in-crease the level of TGF-β1, which will be higher with higher US dosage. Pulsed US may enhance injored ligament re-pair by up-regulating TGF-β1.Objective To investigate the effect of pulsed ultrasound therapy (US) on medial collateral liga-ment healing in rats and it's mechanism.MethodsEighteen 3-month-old male Sprague-Dawley rats with transected medial collateral ligaments (MCLs) were studied. They were randomly divided into a control group, a 0.5 W/cm~2 group and a 1. 0 W/cm~2 group.The control group was not given any treatment.The 0. 5 W/cm~2 group and 1.0 W/cm~2 group were given 10 minutes of pulsed US (duty cycle: on/off = 3 ms/1 ms) daily for 8 days at either 0.5 or 1.0 W/cm~2 intensity. All the rats were sacrificed on the 9th day. After macroscopic examination, their MCLs were harvested and studied using haematoxylin-eosin staining, Van Gieson's staining and immunohistochemical tech-niques in order to detect transforming growth factor beta-1(TGF-β1) and any histological or histochemical changes.ResultsMacroscopically, the lacerated MCLs had healed with scar tissue formation. Scarring appeared to be greater in the 0.5 W/cm~2 and 1.0 W/cm~2 groups than in the control group. Inflamed cells appeared to be more numerous in the treated groups than in the controls. There were significant differences in collagen fiber extent among all three groups. In the 1.0 W/cm~2 group, the average level of TGF-β1 was significantly up-regulated, and TGF-β1 expres-sion was higher than in the other two groups.ConclusionsPulsed US can improve ligament healing in the short term, however whether long-term treatment with US can yield further improvement is unknown. Pulsed US can in-crease the level of TGF-β1, which will be higher with higher US dosage. Pulsed US may enhance injored ligament re-pair by up-regulating TGF-β1.

The naturally occuring antibiotic resistance in twentyseven strains from 7 different serotypes of Bacillus sphaericus was investigated. The antibiotics used in this experiment are Streptomycin, Ampicilline, Tetracycline, Chloramphenicol, Kanamycin, Erythromycin, Qingdamycin, Midecamycin, Ribostamycin, Acriflavin, Rifampicin, Sulphanilamide and Azide. All strains are resist to streptomycin and azide at higher concentration and chloramphenicol at lower concentration. Most of strains are resist to tetracycline at lower concentration.

Objective To explore the intervention effect of emodin on organophosphorus poisoning induced respiratory failure.Methods 60 male Wistar rats of clean grade were randomly divided into:normal control group, model control group, positive drug group and emodin group, with 15 rats in each group.Except the normal control group rats were given intraperitoneal anesthesia, the right common carotid artery intubation, when rats stayed awake began a septic model.Blood gas analysis and serum level of oxygen free radicals and respiratory rate were compared before poisoning, respiratory failure, intervention of 5, 10, 30 min.Results Mouth breathing, slow respiratory frequency and cyanosis, appeared after exposure.Respiratory frequency decreased after exposure , compared with the positive drug group, respiratory frequency of emodin group 10 min and 30 min was higher ( P<0.05), PaO2, SaO2, BE decreased, PaCO2 increased after respiratory failure, Compared with the positive drug group, PaO2, PaCO2, SaO2 and BE of emodin group for the treatment of 10 min, 30 min was higher,(P <0.05).The level of oxygen free radicals in rats of each group had no significant difference before the exposure and the respiratory failure.Compared with the positive drug group, SOD and MDA of emodin group in 30 min after intervention were higher,( P<0.05 ) .Conclusion Emodin can improve the respiratory frequency of organic phosphorus poisoning induced respiratory failure ,improve blood gas analysis of the indicators and the level of oxygen free radicals.

PubMed,Embase,Cochrane Library,and ISI web were searched without any limitations with regard to publication date or language,as well as the references of qualifying articles.All kinds of cohort studies comprising the risk of gastric cancer between diabetic patients and control subjects were included.We excluded studies that investigated only mortality but not incidence.25 studies met our criteria,and the qualities of these studies were evaluated using the Newcastle-Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale.Statistical analyses were carried out with STATA software version 12.0.A random-effects model meta-analysis showed an increased risk of gastric cancer in diabetic patients (RR =1.20,95 ％ CI 1.12-1.28).Subgroup analyses indicated that this result persisted in studies of both male(RR =1.15,95％ CI 1.02-1.29) and female (RR =1.29,95％ CI 1.09-1.53) subjects,in studies of European countries(RR =1.25,95％ CI 1.07-1.46) and Asia countries (RR =1.18,95％ CI 1.09-1.28).Compared with nondiabetics,the incidence of gastric cancer may be increased by approximately 20％ in diabetics.Thus diabetes may be an independent risk factor for gastric cancer.This effect tends to be more significant in type 1 and female patients.

Objective: To develop a method to determine Astragaloside IV in spray-dry of Radix Astragali by HPLC-ELSD. Methods: ELSD was used to determine directly Astragaloside IV in spray-dry of Radix Astragali on Elite-OSD column, using CH 3CN-H 2O(36∶64) as a mobile phase. The flow rate was 1.0 ml/min. The temperature of drift tube for ELSD was 105 ?C and the flow rate of N 2 was 2.84 ml/min. Results: The recovery of the added sample was 91.68% and RSD 1.64%. Soluble amylum was helpful for spray-dry but it can influence was determination of Astragaloside IV. Conclusion: The method is accurate and can be used in the determination of Astragaloside IV in spray-dry of Radix Astragali. Better adjuvant should be found.

Objective To observe the expression and influence of SH2-B in hepatocarcinoma,and to investigate the molecular mechanisms of canceration in hepatocarcinoma.Methods By using SABC imunohis-tochemistry,the expressions of SH2-B were detected in 27 cases of hepatitis,29 cases of hepatocirrhosis and 47 cases of hepatocarcinoma.Hepatocarcinoma cell (HepG)2 with a low-expressed SH2-B was selected using immunofluorescence assay.There were 3 groups:the transfected group (transfected with pcDNA3.1 -SH2-B), the vector group (transfected with pcDNA3.1 )and the blank group (without transfection).After gene transfec-tion,SH2-B expression was detected by Western blotting;cell proliferation was measured by MTT assay;cell colony was counted by colony formation test;and cell cycle was analyzed by flowcy tometer.Results The posi-tive rate of SH2-B in hepatocarcinoma (95.7%)was significantly higher than 55.2% in hepatocirrhosis (χ2 =1 8.64,P <0.01 )and 25.9% in hepatitis (χ2 =40.01 ,P <0.01 ).After being transfected with pcDNA 3.1 -SH2-B,SH2-B expression dramatically increased in HepG2 cells.After cultured for 48 h,the average optical density value of the transfected group was 1 .1 2 ±0.1 9,obviously higher than 0.45 ±0.1 1 in the vector group (t =-31 .55,P <0.01 ),which indicated that cells proliferation was significantly enhanced after being trans-fected with SH2-B.The cell colony numbers of the transfected group was 1 66 ±1 4,significantly higher than
82 ±8 in the vector group (t =-20.33,P <0.01 )and 78 ±9 in the blank group (t =-1 9.64,P <0.01 ), which indicated that the cell colony numbers increased after being transfected with SH2-B.The S stage cells of the transfected group was (45.7 ±5.8)%,significantly higher than (1 9.4 ±4.7)% in the vector group (t =-20.33,P <0.01 )and (20.5 ±5.1 )% in the blank group (t =-34.69,P <0.01 ),which indicated that SH2-B could enhance promote cell cycle of HepG2 cells.Conclusion The expression of SH2-B in hepatocar-cinoma is high,and it may be involved in the canceration of hepatocarcinoma though promoting cell cycle,cell proliferation and cell transformation.