Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a nontemperature based novel ablation therapy in which short highvoltage pulses are applied to treat tissues to permeabilize the cell membrane irreversibly and thus lead to cell apoptosis.Because it is characterized as non-thermal,IRE can reduce the risk of thermal damage to vital organs and structures so that it is more feasible for the treatment of unresectable pancreatic cancer and thus provide an ideal alternative to other thermal treatment modalities.This review aims to analyze current literature of IRE and to discuss the new progress of the application of IRE in the management of locally advanced pancreatic adenocarcinoma.

T lymphocytes play a very important role in tumor immunity, which recognize tumor antigenic peptide presented by MHC molecules on the surface of tumor cells through T cell receptor ( TCR) . Cytotoxic T lymphocytes kill tumor cells after recognizing antigenic peptide in the cleft of MHC class I molecules. It is now generally accepted that peptides naturally presented by a given MHC class I molecule have a specific motif which is referred to as MHC class I allele-specific consensus motif and that synthetic peptide corresponding to the identified naturally presented antigens exhibit remarkable activity in inducing T-cell responses. FBL-3 is a transplantable Friend virus-induced leukemia of B6 (H-2b) origin,which can induce the CTL against FBL-3 by immunizing B6 mice with atenuated FBL-3.Seven peptides were predicted as candidates of FBL-3 antigenic peptides in the light of H-2Db specific peptide binding motif and gag gene sequence of Friend virus. The synthetic peptides, named gagl to gag7, were obtainted. The results showed that CTL specific to gag3 could be induced by in vivo immunizing B6 mice with gag3 in IFA, but a primary T cell response could not be induced by in vitro immuniztion with the peptides. gag3 and gag5 could be recognized by specific CTL to FBL-3,because the CTLs obviously killed target cells (EL-4) pulsed with gag3 or gag5. Immunization with gag3 and gag5 could not induce an immune response to protect the subsequent challenge of FBL-3 in B6 mice which could be induced by immunizing B6 mice with parental FBL-3 tumor cells. This indicates these 7 synthetic peptides may not be the same antigens of the FBL-3.

T lymphocytes, which play a very important role in tumor immunity, recognize the tumor antigenic peptide presented by MHC molecules on the surface of tumor cells. FBL-3 is a transplantable Friend virus-induced leukemia of B6 (H-2~(b) ) origin, which can induce the CTL against FBL-3 by immunizing B6 mice with attenuated FBL-3. The present paper was to elute immunogenic peptides ( CD8+ T cell epitopes) from class I complexes at the cell surface of viable FBL-3 cells by acid treatment. The acid treated cells remained viable but lost sensitivity to be lysed by FBL-3 specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). The sensitivity of the acid-treated cell was restored to the FBL-3 specific CTLs by supplement of the acid-eluted cell-free supematants. Paptides were subsequently fractionated by reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) . The fractionated peptides in HPLC fractions 5~6 and 23 ~ 60 (tubes) showed the capacity to sensitize RAM-S cells, which could be lysised by FBL-3 specific CTLs. The experiment indicates that this method may be useful in the definition of petide epitopes relevant to tumor cells.

To investigate the mechanism of inducing a prolongation of allograft survival by immunizing the syngeneic mouse with activated murine spleen cells,we used an anti—activated mouse Tlymphocyte antigen monoclonal antibody(2H_3)made in our laboratory to examine the effect of 2H3on allograft survival in vivo and on cell—mediated immune rection in vitro.The results showed that 2H3 could significantly prolong the allograft survival in vivo and obviously inhibit the proliferation in MLR and CTL generation in bulk MLR as well as the T lymphocyte prolifer-ation to ConA in vitro.These data indicate that one of the mechanisms of the prolongation of al-lograft survival by immunizing the syngeneic mouse with activated murine spleencells may be due to the generation of an anti—activated mouse lymphocyte antigen antibodies in immunized ani-mals which can block process of allorection.

Objective To study the expression of Th1 and Th2 types cytokines in patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and the clinical significance. Methods The expressions of Th1 ( INF-γ、IL-2) and Th2 (IL-4) types cytokines in cultured peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from 30 healthy controls and 45 esophageal squamous cell carcinoma patients were determined by Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results Compared with the control group, the expressions of Th1 type cytokines, IL-2 and INF-γwere significantly lower in the cultured PBMCs from the cancer patients (tINF-γ= 18. 24 ,tIL-2 = 15.31 ,Ps ＜0. 01 ) ,while the expression of Th2 type cytokines,IL-4 was significantly higher in the cultured PBMCs from the cancer patients ( tIL-4 = 5.79, P ＜ 0. 05 ). The expression changes of the cytokines showed a correlation with TNM (tumou-node-metastasis) stage of the tumor. Conclusion The Th1/Th2 shift existed in patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and it might be one of the underline mechanisms of tumor immune escape.

Objective To explore the effect of trimetazidine, telmisartan and low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) on improving cardiopulmonary function, hemorheology and clinical symptom of chronic pulmonary heart disease in acute exacerbation. Methods A total of 96 patients with chronic pulmonary heart disease in acute exacerbation were randomly divided into group A (40 cases) and group B (56 cases ).The group A was treated with general method and the group B was treated with trimetazidine, telmisartan and LMWH besides general method. After 3 weeks' treatment, ca_rdiopulmonary functional parameters,hemorbeology parameters and clinical symptoms were observed. Results After treatment, the left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), and the ratio of forced expiratory volume in one second and forced vital capacity (FEV_1/FVC ) improved in group B (P<0.05 ), and there were significant difference in LVEF, FEV_1/FVC after treatment between two groups (P<0.05). The clinical total effective rate in group B (92.9%, 52/56 ) was significantly higher than that in group A (67.5%, 27/40 ) ( P<0.05 ). Conclusion Trimetazidine, telmisartan and LMWH is effective to improve patients' cardiopulmonary function, hemorheology parameters and clinical symptoms in the treatment of chronic pulmonary heart disease in acute exacerbation.

0 05) between the experimental and control groups.The arterialization of portal vein did not have any negative effects on the hepatic regeneration. Hepatic cell could regenerate normally.

Purpose:To evaluate the efficacy and toxicities of gemcitabine plus cisplatin for patients with relapsed ovarian cancer. Methods:Twenty-eight patients with recurrent ovarian carcinoma received gemcitabine (1000 mg/m~(2)) plus cisplatin (35 mg/m~(2)) on days 1 and 8 of each 21-day cycle. Of 28 patients, sixteen who relapsed within six months of previously platinum-based regimen were platinum-resistant and the other twelve were platinum-sensitive. Results:Of 28 patients, there were 5 (17.9%) complete and 12 (42.9%) partial responses, for an overall response rate of 60.7% (95%CI: 41.7%–79.6%). The median time to progression for objective responders was 5.5 months with a range of 2.5 to 20 months. Median overall survival for all 28 patients was 12.5 months. Among 16 platinum-resistant patients, a 56.3% response rate occurred. The median survival time was 10.5 months. Among 12 platinum-sensitive patients, a 66.7% response rate occurred. The median survival time was 14.5 months. There were leukopenia grade Ⅲ in 35.7%, grade Ⅳ in 17.9%; thrombocytopenia grade Ⅲ in 28.6 %, grade Ⅳ in 14.3% of patients. Conclusions:Cisplatin plus gemcitabine is active in patients with relapsed ovarian cancer. The adverse effects are tolerable. Hematologic toxicities are manageable with dose modifications.

Objective To study the effect of flow-restricted arterio-portal shunt(APS)on the liver.Methods Experimental model of APS and flow-restricted APS were reproduced in rats,and its effects on hepatic blood flow(HBF)and portal venous pressure(PVP)were observed,and the changes in liver structure were investigated six months after the operation.Results Compared with that of pre-operation,both HBF and PVP in APS group at the sixth month after operation changed significantly(P0.05).The PVP changed significantly(P0.05).No obvious lesions were found in the liver by histological examination.Significant differences of both PVP and HBF were found at the sixth month between the two groups(P

0 05).The results suggest that GC used during perioperations may not only reduce the operative reactions,but also not result in the increase of perioperative complications.