Adhesion of lymphocytes to EC is one of the important steps of lympho. cyte migration into the tissues outside vessels; and the components of blood plasma may have some effect on the adhesion of lymphocytes. In our experiments, we observed that PNIP, normally present in blood and being able to inhibit the proliferation of lymphocytes stimulated by antigens or mitogens, could significantly inhibit the adhesion of the lymphocytes from blood, thymus and mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) to the aortic EC, using the aortic EC monolayer preparation (Hautchen technique). Meanwhile, the indirect immunofluorescent test also showed us that PNIP might result in a remarkable decrease in percentage of SmIgG positive B lymphocytes in the total lymphocytes adhering to the aortic EC. These results imply that PNIP may suppress the adhesion of lymphocytes or other leukocytes to EC in the development of inflammation, atherosclerosis or thrombosis.

As nanomedicines are developing fast in both academic and market areas, building up suitable methods for nanomedicine analysis with proper techniques is an important subject, requiring further research. The techniques, which could be employed for grain size analysis of nanomedicines, were reviewed. Several key techniques were discussed with their principles, scope of applications, advantages and defects. Their applications to nanomedine analysis were discussed according to the properties of different nanomedicines, with the purpose of providing some suggestions for the control and administration of nanomedicines.

Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 exists in vivo as quasispecies, and one of the genome's characteristics is its diversity. During the antiretroviral therapy, drug resistance is the main obstacle to effective viral prevention. Understanding the molecular evolution process is fundamental to analyze the mechanism of drug resistance and develop a strategy to minimize resistance. Objective: The molecular evolution of drug resistance of one patient who had received reverse transcriptase inhibitors for a long time and had treatment which replaced Nevirapine with Indinavir was analyzed, with the aim of observing the drug resistance evolution pathway. Methods: The patient, XLF, was followed-up for six successive times. The viral populations were amplified and sequenced by single-genome amplification. All the sequences were submitted to the Stanford HIV Drug Resistance Database for the analysis of genotypic drug resistance. Results: 149 entire protease and 171 entire reverse transcriptase sequences were obtained from these samples, and all sequences were identified as subtype B. Before the patient received Indinavir, the viral population only had some polymorphisms in the protease sequences. After the patient began Indinavir treatment, the variants carrying polymorphisms declined while variants carrying the secondary mutation G73S gained the advantage. As therapy was prolonged, G73S was combined with M46I/L90M to form a resistance pattern M46I/G73S/L90M, which then became the dominant population. 97.9% of variants had the M46I/G73S/L90M pattern at XLF6. During the emergence of protease inhibitors resistance, reverse transcriptase inhibitors resistance maintained high levels. Conclusion: Indinavir- resistance evolution was observed by single-genome amplification. During the course of changing the regimen to incorporate Indinavir, the G73S mutation occurred and was combined with M46I/L90M.

Objective To clarify the serological characteristics and predictive value of HIV antibody indeterminant and to evaluate the efficiency of 3 assays to discriminate HIV antibody indeterminant.Methods Three hundred and ninety-four HIV antibody indeterminant serum samples were collected and the Western blot pattern were analyzed.Ninety-seven HIV antibody indeterminant individuals were followed up,and the development of HIV antibody were observed.The initial serum samples of 67 followed individuals were tested by viral load,line immunoblot assay and ELISA for HIV-1 p24,with the golden standard of follow up,the efficiency of 3 kinds of assay to discriminate HIV antibody indeterminant were evaluated.Results There were 38 patterns among 394 HIV antibody indeterminant,the proportions of env,pol and gag indeterminant were 37.54%,4.04%and 58.37% respectively.Five HIV antibody indeterminant cases were converted to HIV antibody positive among 97 followed individuals,they were all env indeterminant and HIV antibody developed rapidly.HIV viral load was an ideal assay to discriminate HIV antibody indeterminant with best sensitivity.Conclusion The indeterminant of gag were most common,but were unspecific reaction.Env indeterminant were with the greatest predictive value of HIV infection,especially the gp160p24 and gp160.Viral load assay can be applied to discriminate HIV antibody indeterminant.

ObjectiveTo evaluate the sensitivity and accuracy of an in-house detecting method of HIV-1 genotypic drug resistance system. MethodsTotally 130 serum specimens from Henan and Guangxi province were collected from April 2004 to October 2008 and tested in the Military HIV Testing Center of China. ViroSeqTM v2.0 (Abbott, Switzerland), a US FDA approved HIV genotypic drug resistance detecting system was utilized as the reference method. All the specimens were detected by the novel in-house method and the reference method to validate the difference in amplifying efficiency, drug resistance mutation detection and drug resistance report. ResultsConcerning the 14 850 known drug resistance mutation sites,14 752 (99. 3％ ) mutations can be detected by both of the two methods. Rates of concordance of detection in the regions of protease inhibitors-, reverse transcriptase inhibitors- and both two classes inhibitors-resistance were99.7％ ( Kappa =0. 909 9 , P ＜0. 01 ) , 99. 0％ (Kappa=0.952 1, P＜0. 01) and99.3％ (Kappa=0. 948 8, P ＜ 0. 01 ) respectively. Drug resistance reports from these two systems showed similar results (Kappa = 0. 637 4, P ＜ 0. 01 ). The in-house detecting system identified 34 novel mutations besides the ViroSeqTM drug resistance mutation database ( ViroSeqTM software v2. 7). Two mutations, V179F and K238T,had significant effect on HIV drug resistance. ConclusionsThe in-house genotyping system is an accurate,cost-effective method and has a high concordance with commercial ViroSeqTM genotyping system. Database from the in-house assay was superior to this of the ViroSeqTM assay.

Objective To isolate stable passage primary HIV-1 drug resistant strains and observe replication dynamics of the drug resistant isolates and evolvement tendency of the drug resistant mutations in vitro.Methods Peripheral blood mononuclear cells(PBMCs)from 15 AIDS patients receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy(HAART)were collected,and the primary HIV-1 stains were separated utilizing co-cultivated with PBMCs from normal people.HIV-1 pol genes from those strains were obtained by RT-PCR and sequenced.The drug resistant mutations were analyzed in the Stanford HIV Drug Resistance Database.Results Eight strong positive strains were isolated from 15 AIDS patients with viral loads higher than 1000 copies/ml,and two of them were drug resistant.Drug resistant mutations of the two strains were respectively K103N/K238T and M184V/K103N/Y181C/H221Y which show high-level resistance to NVP and 3TC/NVP,respectively.K103N,M184V,Y181C and H221Y exist stably in the environment without drug pressure,however,RT K238T reverted to K238.Conclusion Two drug resistant strains were successfully isolated in vitro without drug pressure.Strains with K103N shows superior fitness and can exist steadily.Strains with M184V and K103N/Y181C/H221Y can also replicate stably in vitro without drug pressure.NNRTI mutation K238T reproduces astatically,which suggests that RT 238 codon might revert gradually to wild genotype.

Objective To propose the method of dose distribution calculated by one-step optimization with 7 shells (Cao method) and compare with that by three-step optimization with 4 shells (Blanck method) and CyberKnife treatment plans for pancreatic cancer. Methods 20 cases of pancreatic cancer who underwent CyberKnife treatment were retrospectively analyzed,and CT was performed to localize and delineate the target area and endangering organs. Dosage was optimized and evaluated with Blanck method and Cao method. The planning target volume (PTV) conformity index (CI), new conformity index (nCI), homogeneity index (HI),gradient index (GI), coverage, dose-volume and doses to organs at risk were compared. Results Compared with Blanck method, CI (1.11 ± 0.05 vs 1.15 ± 0.05), nCI (1.20 ± 0.06 vs 1.23 ± 0.06), coverage [(92.48 ± 1.85)% vs (93.53 ± 2.15)%], volumes encompassed by 100% and 30% prescription dose line (36.46 ± 16.64 vs 38.19 ± 17.68; 286.19 ± 126.52 vs 320.93 ± 154.82) and monitor unit (56 369 ± 20 019 vs 57 814 ± 20 531) were significantly decreased,while GI was increased (3.22 ± 0.19 vs 3.11 ± 0.19), and all the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). Additionally, Dmax of the intestine (21.17 ± 2.90 vs 20.63 ± 3.13), D10cc of the stomach (12.78 ± 2.57 vs 13.11 ± 2.43), D5ccof the duodenum (11.01 ± 3.45 vs 11.50 ± 3.25), D10ccof the duodenum (9.30 ± 3.31 vs 9.78 ± 3.07) and D0.35ccof the spinal cord (6.09 ± 0.98 vs 6.59 ± 0.92) were all significantly decreased (P<0.05). No significant differences were found on other parameters. Conclusions Better dose distributions are accessible by one-step optimization with 7 shells in CyberKnife treatment plans for pancreatic cancer.

Objective: To investigate the genetic characteristics of VP1 coding region of enterovirus Coxsackievirus A16(CV-A16) and etiological features of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) in 2017 in Xining city. Methods: The pharyngeal swab specimens were collected from HFMD patients, and detected by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). For CV-A16 positive samples, virus isolation was performed. Then RNA was extracted, and then VP1 coding region was amplified by RT-PCR. The phylogenetic tree was constructed by comparing with other genotypes and sub-genotypes strains of EV-A71. Results: It was shown that 70 strains of CV-A16 were isolated from 2017 to 2018 in Xining city. In 2017, 10 strains were isolated and divided into two different lineages by phylogenetic analysis, 3 strains of B1a and 7 stains of B1b. In 2018, 60 stains were isolated, which were all belong to B1b. Conclusions B1a and B1b of CV-A16 are prevalent in Xining city from 2017 to 2018, in which B1b is the prominent isolates.