The development of biomedicine is based on animal experimentation.The author conducts a comparative study between animal experimentation and human experimentation from the perspectives of value,IQ,right and obligation and argues that animal experimentation could not be justified ethically.And the different attitudes towards the animal experimentation are due to the application of different ethical theories.The author concludes that it is necessary to develop relevant law or regulation to ensure the welfare and rights of animals.

Objective To compare the contents of Ferulic Acid and Polysaccharide in Angelica Sinensis oliv. with Lotiform Angelica sinensis because of the morphosis related to lateral bud of Angelica Sinensis. Method The contents of Polysaccharide was determined by Polysaccharide-Phenol-Sulfuric acid reaction system. The content of ferulic acid was determined by HPLC. Result There is no significantly difference in the contents of Ferulic Acid and Polysaccharide between Angelica sinensis and lotiform Angelica sinens. Conclusion The contents of Ferulic Acid and Polysaccharide between Angelica Sinensis oliv. and Lotiform Angelica sinensis has no significantly difference because of the morphosis related to lateral bud of Angelica Sinensis.

The rapid development of human micro-ecology (human microbiome) in recent years has opened up new medical prospects for revealing the close relationship between microorganism and human health and disease.As the second genome of human,the special relationship between the microorganism and the host and its important function have brought new ethical and social problems,which requires to rethink and reform the existing ethical norms.This paper focused on the seven perspectives of “identity”,ownership,informed consent,risk benefit assessment,privacy,commercialization and public health,and demonstrated the importance to construct the ethics of micro-ecological research,which would enrich and expand the connotation of bioethics in theory and better guarantee the benign development of micro-ecology research in practice.

Objective To study the effects of mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT) on hepatocyte apoptosis and mitochondrial damage,and investigate the effects of curcumin on MPT and the related mechanisms in septic rat.Methods Fifteen healthy male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into three groups:sham group,sepsis group and curcumin group,with 5 rats in each group.Septic rat model was reproduced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP).The rats in sham group were flipped the cecum without perforation and ligation.The rats in the curcumin group were treated with curcumin 100 mg·kg-1·d-1 (dissolved in saline to 10 mL/kg) by oral gavage for 7 days,while the other groups were treated with normal saline.Tissue samples were harvested in each group at 12 hours after operation.Pathological changes in hepatic mitochondria were observed under electron microscopy,concentration of free calcium was examined with confocal laser scanning microscope.After Fluo-3/AM staining,protein and mRNA expression of active caspase-3,Bcl-2 and Bax were examined by Western Blot and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).Results Under the transmission electron microscope,intact cell membrane,adqulis cytoplasm,and normal and clear mitochondrion was found in the sham group.Mitochondria in sepsis group swelled obviously with mitochondrial cristae broken or disappearance,unclear bilateral membrane structure,while the curcumin group showed much less pathological changes,with few mitochondria swell,and smear bilateral membrane structure.The fluorescence intensity index of sham group,sepsis group and curcumin group was raised successively (417.33 ± 15.88,772.95 ± 42.37,1 560.84 ± 160.78,respectively,F=184.149,P=0.000).The protein and mRNA expression of active caspase-3 and Bax had the highest level in sepsis group,followed by the curcumin group,and that in the sham group was the lowest [active caspase-3 protein (gray scale):1.698 ± 0.061,0.694 ± 0.045,0.246 ± 0.027,F=1 289.667,P=0.000; active caspase-3 mRNA (2-Δ△Ct):1.031 ±0.135,0.578 ± 0.144,0.183 ±0.036,F=66.958,P=0.000; Bax protein (gray scale):1.826 ±0.126,1.254 ±0.140,0.623 ±0.901,F=94.536,P=0.000; Bax mRNA (2-ΔΔCt):2.774 ±0.338,1.661 ±0.226,0.656 ±0.114,F=124.710,P=0.000],all of these values had statistical significance among the three groups (all P＜0.01).While Bcl-2 protein and mRNA had the highest level in curcumin group and lowest level in the sham group [Bcl-2 protein (gray scale):0.716 ±0.091,1.328 ±0.147,1.656 ±0.104,F=84.918,P=0.000; Bcl-2 mRNA (2-△ΔCt):0.617 ±0.118,1.393 ±0.096,1.650 ±0.167,F=83.846,P=0.000].The protein and mRNA expressions of Bcl-2/Bax ratio were lowest in sepsis group,then sham group,and highest in curcumin group [Bcl-2/Bax protein (gray scale):0.726 ± 0.055,1.150 ± 0.043,1.333 ± 0.163,F=46.265,P=0.000; Bcl-2/Bax mRNA (2-Δ△Ct):0.505 ±0.041,0.944±0.097,1.006 ±0.168,F=12.211,P=0.001].Conclusions MPT can lead to mitochondrial dysfunction and further cause hepatocyte apoptosis.Mechanism of effect of curcumin on MPT may be related to reduction of intracellular calcium concentration,promotion of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 gene expression,inhibition of caspase-3 activation and Bax gene.

ObjectiveTo test the expression of epidermal growth factor-like domain 7 (EGFL7),microvessel density (MVD) and foeal adhesion kinase pY397 (FAKpY397) in human glioma tissues,and to evaluate their relationship.MethodsThe expression of EGFL7 and FAKpY397 in 56 cases of human glioma and 8 cases of normal brain tissues were detected by immunohistochemistry test,and MVD was detected by CD34 staining.ResultsThere was a significant difference of the positive rates of EGFL7 between normal brain tissue (0) and gliomas (75％),χ2 =17.45,P ＜0.01.With the increased pathological grade,the expression level of EGFL7 increased (χ2 =26.24,P ＜ 0.01 ).There was a significant difference of the positive rates of FAKpY397 between normal brain tissue ( 12.5％ ) and gliomas (73.2％),χ2 =6.23,P ＜ 0.05.With the increased pathological grade,the expression level of FAKpY397 increased (χ2 =6.71,P ＜ 0.01 ). MVD on normal brain was( 15 ± 4 )/HP,on Ⅰ - Ⅱ grade and Ⅲ -Ⅳ grade gliomas was ( 27 ± 3 )/HPand ( 60 ± 4 )/HP respectively,there was a significant difference on MVD between normal brain tissue and gliomas (P ＜ 0.01 ).Higher level of MVD was found in gliomas with higher grade ( P ＜ 0.01 ).There was a positive correlation between EGFL7 and FAKpY397 expressions in gliomas (r =0.314,P ＜0.01 ).There was a significant difference on MVD between positive and negative expression of EGFL7 ( t =26.55,P ＜ 0.01 ). MVD was (56 ± 4 )/HP and (25 ± 3 )/HP respectively.ConclusionThe expression of EGFL7 of human gliomas has a favorable positive correlation with the degree of malignancy,MVD and FAKpY397.It is indicated that EGFL7not only palys an important regulative role in glioma neovascularization,but also it may participate directly in glioma occurrence and invasion.

A novel peptide, named BF2-X, was designed based on the structure-activity analysis of an analogue of Buforin II, named BF2-A. The BF2-X was a hybrid peptide containing the N-terminal residues 5 to 13 of BF2-A and three repeats of the C-terminal regular alpha-helical motif RLLR, and the residues 8 valine were replaced by leucine. The results of bioinformatics analysis had showed that compared with BF2-A, the helicity, positive charge, hydrophobicity rate and C-terminal amphipathy of BF2-X had remarkably enhanced. Both peptides showed a random coil structure in an aqueous solution, while displaying a typical alpha-helical structure in 50% trifluoroethanol solution (a membrane mimic condition). BF2-X exhibited higher alpha-helical contents than BF2-A in hydrophobic environment. BF2-X displayed potent antimicrobial activities against a broad spectrum of microorganisms. And BF2-X showed stronger antimicrobial activities against bacteria tested than parent peptide BF2-A. These results suggest that the alpha-helical content was directly correlated with the enhanced antibacterial activity. Both peptides had no hemolytic action on mouse erythrocyte.

Objective: To investigate the antitumor effect of lactobacillus peptidoglycan (PG) and explore its possible mechanisms. Methods: The inhibition for colon tumor growth, and the influence on the activities of CTL, NK, PM?, IL-1, IL-2, TNF-?, IFN-?and nitric oxide secretion were investigated in mice by cell culture, DNA agrose gel electrophoresis, respectively. Results: Growth in vivo of CT26 colon tumor was significantly inhibited by ip injection of PG. PG also induced significantly the activities of IL-1, TNF-?, IFN-?, CTL, NK, PM?and the production of nitric oxide, but had no effect on the activity of IL-2. Conclusion: The peptidoglycan derived from lactobacillus inhibited the colon tumor growth through activation of murine immunity. The antitumor effect of PG maybe partly if not all, induced, by the enhanced production of IFN-?, TNF-?and NO, through activation of NK cell and PM?. Key word: peptidoglycan; antitumor; immunity; cell activity; cytokine

AIM: To establish the method for determination of luteolin and isorhamnetin in Duyiwei Capsules (Lamiophl mis rotata(Benth.)Kudo). METHODS:Yilite-C_(18) column was used.The mobile phase was composed of methanol-water(50∶50),pH was adjusted to 3.0 with H_3PO_4.The flow rate was 0.8 mL?min~(-1) and detection wave-length was set at 360 nm. RESULTS:The linear range of Luteolin was 7.072-35.360 ?g?mL~(-1),(r=(0.999 7)) and the linear range of isorhamnetin was 1.658-8.290 ?g?mL~(-1)(r=0.999 2). The average recovery and RSD of luteolin were 96.3% and 2.7%,respectively. The average recovery and RSD of isorhamnetin were 97.3% and 2.1%,respectively. CONCLUSION:This method is sensitive,accurate and can be used for the quality study of Duyiwei Capsules.

Objective To observe the depressive symptoms in patients with burn injury of middle and small area at different periods.Methods65 patients with burn injury of middle and small area (<39%) were assessed with Hamilton Depression Scale (HAMD) at acute stage and convalescence respectively, and the results were compared with those of 41 normal subjects (control group).ResultsThe factor scores and total score of HAMD in the patients with burn injury at acute stage and remission were obviously higher than those in the control group ( P<0.05～0.01). For the patients with burn injury, the scores of depressive symptoms, difficulty in falling asleep, early wake-up, psychiatric anxiety, somatic anxiety, constitutional symptoms, sexual symptom, doubt of disease, circadian change, dispersonalization, feeling of despair, decline in ability feeling, and inferiority feeling at convalescence were obviously higher than acute stage ( P<0.05～0.01), but the scores of superficial sleep, excitation, gastrointestinal symptoms, reduce in body mass, paranoid ideation and obsession-compulsion were markedly lower than acute stage ( P<0.05～0.01).ConclusionThe depressive symptoms are totally different in patients with burn injury of middle and small area at different periods, and psychological interventions should be in pertinence.