A pilot study for setting up an ADR monitoring and reporting system had been carried out in 14 hospitals located in 5 provinces and municipalities of China during 1988 to 1990. According to the situation of the pilot study,this article discusses some problems related to ADR monitoring,such as the duality of medicines, reasons of ADRs,gravity of ADR risk, factors influencing the developing of ADRs, causality assessment, some points for attention in ADR monitoring, advantages and disadvantages of spontaneous reporting system, pharmacoepidemiology, etc.

During recent years, some new methods for phage display panning have been developed by using complex biological systems instead of purified antigens, antibodies or receptors as selector targets. These complex biological systems include living cells, viruses, mouse tissues and tumors etc. The peptides identified by using tumors as selector molecules can selectively home to blood vessels of experimental tumors and may have potential applications in targeted anti-tumor treatment.

Objective To investigate the effects of transplantation of sciatic nerve(SN) and injection of 8-(4-Chlorophenylthio)-cAMP(CPT-cAMP) into the viteous on axotomized retinal ganglion cells(RGCs) in adult hamsters. Methods Twenty adult golden hamsters were ramdomly divided into 4 groups.Optic nerve(ON) was transected and a segment of autologous sciatic nerve(attached graft,AG) was removed and sutured to the proximal stump of ON in regenerating control group(AG group).The animals in experimental groups were further treated with CPT-cAMP injection and/or implantation of a short of segment sciatic nerve(SN) intravitrously.Fluorescent retrograde labeling method and quantitative anatomical techniques were used to measure the number of RGCs. Results 1.In control (AG) retinas,the mean number of regenerating RGCs was 1*!428?284/retina.2.In AG+SN group,the mean number of regenerating RGCs was 2*!220?415/retina.3.In AG+cAMP group,the mean number of regenerating RGCs was 2*!175?364/retina.4.The mean number of regenerating RGCs in AG+cAMP+SN group were 4*!255?820/retina.AG+SN,AG+cAMP groups were significantly different from AG group(P

Objective Use three inhibitors to block three different signaling pathway to explore the mechanisms of 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine(IBMX) and 8 (4 Chlorophenylthio) cAMP(CPT-cAMP) on the regeneration of retinal ganglion cells. Method Fluorescent retrogratde tracing method and quantitative anatomical techniques were used to measure the numbers of RGCs in control one,control two group and experiment groups. Results 1^ In control group 1(AG),the mean number of regenerating RGC was 1428??284/retina in 4 weeks after surgery; 2^ In control group 2(AG+IBMX+CPT-cAMP) the mean number of regenerating RGC was 4?917?1 489/retina in 4 weeks after surger; 3^ The mean number of regenerating RGC of experiment groups in 4 weeks after surgery were (1) H89 group(AG+IBMX+cAMP+H89):1?426?320/retina; (2)Wortmannin group(AG+IBMX+cAMP+Wortmannin):4143?1?057/retina; (3)PD98059 group(AG+IBMX+cAMP+PD98059):4?154?965/retina. Conclusion The promoting effects of IBMX and CPT-cAMP on regeneration of RGCs can be interrupted by H89 and can't be blocked by wortmannin and PD98059.

Objective To develop the purification method of rhIL 18 expressed in E coli Methods The harvested cells were disrupted using lysozyme and sonication The rhIL 18 inclusion bodies were extracted by centrifugation Washed inclusion bodies were solubilized in 8 mol/L urea The solubilized inclusion bodies were first purified by ion exchange chromatography under denaturing conditions After renaturation, gel filtration chromatography was used for further purification Samples were analyzed by SDS PAGE, HPLC, Western blotting and N terminal amino acid sequencing The biological activity of purified rhIL 18 was also measured Results It was found that rhIL 18 was expressed intracellularly in E coli as insoluble inclusion bodies The purity of rhIL 18 in extracted inclusion bodies was above 80% The final purified rhIL 18 was of high purity and exhibited the mass of molecule 19?10 3 by SDS PAGE The sequence of 15 amino acid residues form NH2 terminus of the purified rhIL 18 was consistent with the predicted sequence The purified rhIL 18 also induced IFN ? production of Con A stimulated human PBMC Conclusion The established method for purifying rhIL 18 is simple and effective and might be useful in the development of the large scaled purification process of rhIL 18

OBJECTIVE:To establish a determination method for dissolution of oxytetracycline tablets. METHODS:The content of oxytetracycline was determined by UV spectrophotometry at detection wavelength of 271 nm. Dissolution of oxytetracycline tablets was detected by slurry process using 0.01 mol?L-1 hydrochloric solution as solvent. RESULTS:The linear range of oxytetracycline was 4～32 IU?mL-(1r=0.999 9)with an average recovery of 100.1%(RSD=0.65%). The dissolution in 45 min were all above 75%. CONCLUSION:Established method in this study can be used to determine dissolution of oxytetracycline tablets.

Objective To obtain information on the distribution of serotypes and antimicrobial agents susceptibilities to group B streptococcus(GBS) strains. Methods Bacterial isolates of GBS were obtained from vaginal and cervical tract of pregnant and nonpregnant women in Beijing Tian Tan Hospital. A total of 76 GBS strains were identified finally by Coagglutination. Serotyping was determinted by Standard Lancefield method. Susceptibility to test agents was assessed by determining the mininum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) with agar dilution method that was established by the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS). Results Seven serotypes were identified among 76 GBS strains isolates. Type II(33%), III(23%) and Ia(16%) were the predominantly serotypes in pregnant and nonpregnant women. MICs of penicillin G and anpicillin were≤0.06 ?g/ml; MICs of cephazolin,cefuroxime, cefoperozone were 0.006～0.03 ?g/ml; MICs of erythromycin was 0.003～0.03 ?g/ml;MICs of gentamycin was 1～32 ?g/ml,MICs of amikacin was 4～≥64 ?g/ml,nearly 12.8% and 40.4% the strains were resistant to gentamycin and amikacin,respectively. Conclusion Our study provide useful epidemiologic data for preparation of GBS type specific vaccines which can prevent GBS infections and antimicrobial agents susceptibility patterns in China. Routine reports on GBS susceptibolities by clinical laboratories and continuous surveillance for changes in the susceptibility is of considerable clinical importance.

ObjectiveTo explore the risk factors for the prognosis of respiratory failure in neonates with gestational age≥34 weeks. MethodsA total of 143 hospitalized neonates with respiratory failure who had gestational age≥34 weeks were enrolled from Jan. 2011 to Jun. 2013. According to the outcome, the neonates were divided into good prognosis group and poor prognosis group. The risk factors for the prognosis of respiratory failure were screened by univariate analysis and mul-tivariate binary logistic regression model.ResultsAmong the 143 neonates, 105 neonates had good prognosis and 38 neonates had poor prognosis. Univariate analysis showed that the mode of delivery, small for gestational age, 5 minutes Apgar score <7, and with primary disease being pneumonia/sepsis were associated with a poor prognosis. The differences were statistically signif-icant (P<0.05). Furthermore, the multivariate binary logistic regression model showed that, small for gestation age (OR=23.87, 95%CI:3.149-180.9) and pneumonia/sepsis (OR=2.996, 95%CI:1.514-5.928) were the independent factors of poor prognosis. ConclusionsSmall for gestation age and primary diseases being pneumonia/sepsis are the independent factors inlfuencing prog-nosis of respiratory failure in neonates born at a gestational age≥34 weeks.

Objective To investigate the clinical features, the video electroencephalography ( V-EEG) and synchronous electrocardiography ( ECG) changes in non-epileptic seizures and the significance of ECG monitoring in the diagnosis of epilepsy.Methods We collected 3 patients who came in a chief complaint of“episodes of unconsciousness with limbs twitch”, whose clinical features and EEG, ECG in longterm VEEG monitoring were analyzed.The 3 patients were followed up for at least 6 months.Results The 3 patients were all diagnosed as epilepsy in other hospital,and during the 24-hour VEEG monitoring in our hospital,2 patients showed abnormal cardiac rate and arrest during the attack and corresponding EEG changes after cerebral ischemia and hypoxia.After consultation with the department of cardiology, they were diagnosed as cardiac syncope episode and no attack showed up after the placement of pacemaker.The Q-T interval was prolonged in the other patient during the longterm ECG monitoring, after the coherence check who was diagonsed as severe hypocalcemia combined with myocardial damage due to a lower parathyroid function and had no attack after symptomatic treatment.Conclusions The synchronous ECG monitoring during the attack is of great significance in the differential diagnosis of epileptic and non-epileptic seizures. The ECG changes in patients with longterm VEEG monitoring should be focused on.It is necessary to add the early warning function to prevent the occurrence of accidents.