Antimicrobial resistance has been identified as one of the world′s most pressing public health threats.The number of antibiotic -resistant bacteria and the diversity of molecular mechanisms of resistance have in-creased sharply in recent years.The presence of antimicrobial resistance in children complicates patient management and arouses widespread concern.The use of antimicrobial agents is the single most important factor leading to the deve-lopment of resistance.New effective antimicrobial agents has been needed but has not kept pace.Antimicrobial -resis-tant infection can be prevented by immunization as well.Appropriate and judicious use of antimicrobial agents is the most important factors contributing to control resistance.Clinicians should collaborate well with microbiologist and know well about resistant bacteria and its proper antimicrobial drugs.A good application of antibiotic formulary restriction has the potential to decrease antimicrobial resistance.An antimicrobial resistance surveillance between regions and countries is urgently needed.It can help us to understand and slow antimicrobial resistance in the long run.

OBJECTIVE:To provide theoretical basis for pharmaceutical enterprises in their choice of suitable e-commerce application modes.METHODS:The options available for pharmaceutical enterprises in regard to e-commerce application modes were introduced and compared,and the influential factors that should be take into consideration in the selection for the pharmaceutical enterprises were studied as well through the method of factor analyses.RESULTS&CONCLUSION:A decision tree has been established for pharmaceutical enterprises in their selection of application modes of e-commerce.

Cytochrome P450(CYP450)is the most important family of enzymes in microsomal mixedfunction oxidase,widely distributed in vivo.CYP450 is involved in the metabolism of many exogenous compounds,the generation of endogenous substances,in particularly,affecting the occurrence and development of the tumors and their drug treatment,in the fields of medical and pharmaceutical research,cytochrome P450 has been very noticeable.

Objective To explore the correlation between chromosome fragile site in peripheral blood lymphocytes and proto-oncogene expression rate in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma.Methods The peripheral blood lymphocyte chromosome preparation was made routinely.The cells were cultivated with low concentrations of calf serum and folic acid,higher pH medium and G-banding method.The fragile sites in 20 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma(experimental group) and 18 healthy subjects(control group) were exactly located and analyzed.(Results The) fragile sites in experimental group were determined as 44 species mainly distributed on the chromosomes of A,B,C group.The expression rate of the fragite site in experimental group(9.90%) was significantly higher than that in control group(0.67%)(P

Objective To investigate the clinical manifestation,pathogenesis and imaging features of hemichorea associated with hyperglycemia in primary diabetes mellitus(DM).Methods Analyze the clinical manifestations,the neuroimaging features and the treatment of the three patients with hemichorea induced by hyperglycaemia in primary DM,and review the literatures about this disease.Results All of the three cases had a long history of uncontrolled diabetes,among whom,two were non-ketotic hyperglycemic patients and one was ketotic hyperglycemic patient.All of them had an acute onset hemichorea which was almost continuous during awakeness and ceased during sleep.The early CT findings in this disorder were high density in the caudate nucleus,putamen and/or globus pallidus on the side contralateral to the involved limbs,but showed decreased attenuation or completely resolved in about a month.T1-weighted MR images in all cases showed high-signal intensities without edema or mass effect in the diseased region which decreased after several months,while the T2-weighted images were more variable.Conclusion Hemichorea induced by hyperglycemia often happens in the patients with poorly controlled DM,and both of the non-ketotic hyperglycemic and the ketotic hyperglycemic state can be the cause.In the major affected region-corpora striata,CT shows hyperdense lesions,T1-weighted MR images show hyperintense lesions and T2-weighted images show variable lesions in the early time.

Objective To investigate the effect of chronic electrical stimulus (CES) of low frequency and physiological frequency on diaphragmatic subtype of myosin heavy chain (MHC) and mechanical characteristic in rabbits with emphysema. Methods The rabbit model of emphysema was made by inhaling papain of ultrasonic atomization once a week for 3 weeks in 30 adult Japanese rabbits, 6 receiving 10 Hz chronic low-frequency electrical stimulation, 6 receiving 40 Hz, 6 receiving 10 Hz plus 40 Hz. Another 6 emphysema rabbits and 6 normal rabbits served as control. The twitch tension (Pt), titanic tension (Po), time to peak tension (TPT), half-relaxation time (1/2Rt), fatigue index (FI) and fatigue recovery index (FRI) were measured and SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was used to observe the changes in subtype of MHC in control group, emphysema group, CES groups respectively. Results ①Following chronic electrical stimulus of 40 Hz, 10 Hz, and (10+40) Hz, the relative contents of MHC were increased in diaphragmatic muscle of rabbits with emphysema. The percentage of MHC-I was significantly increased in the 10 Hz group, while that of MHC-I and MHC-IIa were significantly increased in the (10+40) Hz group. ②Following chronic electrical stimulation using 40 Hz and (10+40)Hz, diaphragmatic muscle Pt and Po were significantly increased in rabbits with emphysema, TPT and 1/2Rt were significantly reduced, and FI and FRI were significantly decreased (P

Objective To investigate the protective effect of extract of Picrhoriza scrophulariflora on renal ischemia/reperfusion injury(I/R). Methods Male SD rats were randomly divided into sham-operated group (n=5), I/R group(n=8), I/R+ extracts of Picrhoriza scrophulariflora groups (each group had 8 rats). Acute renal ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats was reproduced by removing the right kidney and clamping the left renal artery with a non-traumatic vascular clamp for 60min followed by reperfusion for 72h. Serum creatinine, urine creatinine and renal pathological changes, were compared between I/R and I/R+ extracts of Picrhoriza scrophulariflora groups, malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione peroxidase (GSHPx). Results CCr levels were significant decreased after renal I/R injury. Kidneys of animal with I/R injury displayed significant pathological changes. 72h after ischemia, Ccr and serum GSHPx of animals of the I/R+ extracts of Picrhoriza scrophulariflora group were significantly higher than those of I/R group(P

Objective To research the effects and mechanism of gastrodin against migraine and on single amine neurotransmitter. Methods The model of nitroglycerin migraine was made after rat treated by gastrodin for 5 days, the time points of ear rubescence and the times of scratch head were observed to take as evaluation index of pharmacodynamic action, the concentration of 5-HT, NE and DA were measured in the brain with HPLC. Results Gastrodin could obviously prevent the attack of migraine and increase the concentration of 5-HT, DA and NE in the brain. Conclusions The effects of gastrodin against migraine is related with the concentration of 5-HT, DA and NE in the brain, gastrodin can regulate neurosystematic functions and enhance the secretion and metabolism of neurotransmitters.

Objective To investigate the effect on thyrotropin (TSH) levels of pregnant women and their newborns in different delivery ways. Methods The serum TSH levels of 213 pregnant women and the umbilical cord blood TSH levels of their newborns (140 cases from normal vaginal delivery, 38 cases from cesarean section, 35 cases from low forceps delivery) were tested by immunoradiometric assay. Urinary iodine was detected from pregnant women before delivery. Results In pregnant women, the mean serum level of TSH in the forceps group [(4 13?0 69) mU/L] was significantly higher than those of the normal birth group [(2 58?0 87) mU/L, P