Microglia is the principal immune effector cell in brain. It plays some important roles in support, nutrition, protection, and repair in the physiological activities of neuron. Microglia can be quickly activated, which may proliferate after cerebral ischemia, and promote phagocytosis of macrophage. It exerts dual effects by producing neurotoxic molecules and neurotrophic factors. Therefore, to study the relationship between microglia and cerebral ischemia, give full play to its protective functions and reduce its damage will help to improve the therapeutic effects of cerebral ischemic injury.

Objective To study the effects of bone marrow stromal cells derived neural stem cells on apoptosis and the expression of Bcl-2 and Bax after focal cerebral ischemia and reperfusion.Methods The model of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) and reperfusion was set up by Longa. Thirty-two Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 4 groups: sham-operated group (A), ischemia control group (B), bone marrow stromal cells transplanted group (C) and bone marrow stromal cells derived neural stem cells transplanted group (D). The rats were killed on the day 7 and 14 after transplantation. The brain sections were used for terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP mickend labeling (TUNEL) staining and Bcl-2, Bax immunohistochemical staining.Results The number of apoptotic cells in groups C and D was decreased as compared with that in group B on the day 7 and 14 after transplantation (P

Objective To prepare adriamycin gelatin microballoons and identify its characteristics,and to study the feasibility of utilizing the microballoon to block the conduction of peripheral nerves.Methods Adriamycin was embedded in gelatin by means of emulsify-cross link,and its physical-chemical property was tested.Thirty male SD rats were randomly divided into 3 groups including control group(group N),adriamycin group(group A)and adriamycin gelatin microballoon group(group M).0.1% Tween saline,0.5% adriamycin and the suspension of adriamycin gelatin microballoons were dropped separately onto the surface of denuded right sciatic nerve.The pain threshold of right hind limb,sciatic nerve function index(SFI)and pathological change were observed.Result The optimal proportion of drug and carrier was 1∶10.The microballoon was round in shape with perfect dispersibility.90% of the active ingredient could be released from the microballoons within 240 minutes.The pain thresholds in both groups A and M were elevated obviously,and the value of SFI was decreased markedly.These phenomena lasted only 60 days in group A,whereas over 90 days in group M.Conclusions The adriamycin gelatin microballoons possess a good appearance and a satisfactory performance of delayed release.It can damage eperipheral nerve,and may be used as a long acting neurolytic agent.

Objective To determine the optimal dose range of naloxone to enhance the analgesic effect of morphine.Methods One half of a total of 84 adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned into seven groups(6 rats for each group).Rats in group NS received normal saline,and in group M received 6mg/kg of morphine.Different doses of naloxone(1?g/kg,100ng/kg,10ng/kg,1ng/kg and 0.1ng/kg)with 6mg/kg of morphine were given to the rats in group MN1,group MN2,group MN3,group MN4 and group MN5.Pain thresholds were determined at different time points before and after subcutaneous injection of normal saline or morphine or mixture of the drugs(morphine and naloxone).Another 42 rats were randomly assigned into seven groups similar to the above grouping,but the morphine doses for group M and groups MN were changed to 2mg/kg.Acute pain was prodused by an in cision on the hind paw.Then they were given subcutaneous injection of the drugs in different doses as categorized above.Cumulative pain scores were observed within an hour.Results Compared with group NS,the pain thresholds of all the other groups were significantly increased at the time points from 5 minutes to 120 minutes after subcutaneous injection(P0.05).Conclusions Low-dose of naloxone can enhance the analgesic effect of morphine,and the dose range 1ng/kg~100ng/kg may be acceptable.Dose of 1?g/kg naloxone may antagonize the analgesic effect of morphine,while dose of 0.1ng/kg naloxone,perhaps,is too low to show an effect.

Objective By analysing the relation between the proportion of NBCA and the arteriovenous circulation time will give the optimal proportion of NBCA for embolizing cerebral AVM with microcatheter clinically.Methods (1) The fresh aterial blood fractions from intracranial hemorrhage in vitro of 16 cases were mixed with the 20%、33%、50%、70% and 80% NBCA respectively and evaluated the coagulation times with the different densities of NBCA in the fresh aterial blood in vitro; (2) two cases were performed with superselective embolotherapy to five feeding arteri. Results (1) the correlation index between different densities of NBCA and the fresh areterial blood in vitro , T (c) =e 1.9994-1.487D , (2) about 90% nidus of AVM were occluded after embolization, and the fistulas of AVF were basically closed after embolization.Conclusions There is a mathematical model between the arteriovenous circulation time and the proportion of NBCA, thus providing the theoretical clinical application of the embolotherapy of CAVM with microcatheter.

Objective To study the clinical appilication of detachable balloon embolization techenique in carotid cavernous fistula. Methods 27 cases consisted of 26 cases of typical TCCF and 1 case of CCF caused by left anterio cerebral artery(A1) aneurysm ruptured . 27 cases were treated by endovascular embolization with detachable balloon. Transcranial Doppler ultrasound(TCD) was used before and after embolization.All the patients were followed-up for more than 6 months. Results 22 cases of TCCF were cured by detachable embolization and their internal carotid artery(ICA) remained patent. The first segement of left anteriol cerebral artery was embolized by two detachable balloons in the patient with CCF caused by ruptured aneurysm. Internal carotid artery was embolized by two balloons in 4 cases. There was no severe complication in this group. Conclusions Detachable balloon embolization is a safe and effective method for internal carotid cavernous fistula.

Serum glycosyl protein and glucose levels were concomitantly measured in 35 DACVD patients, 59 ACVD patients and in a control group of 65 healthy subjects. Our data revealed statistically significant differences in serum glucose between the ACVD group and control group (P0.05).Hyperglycosemia occurring in ACVD may be a response, or really means diabetes mellitus. Our data indicated that determination of serum glycosyl protein may be useful for the differential diagnosis of diabetic neuropathy from the reactive hyperglycosemia in ACVD.

Objective To evaluate preoperative embolization therapy in deep oral cavity tumor.Methods Superselective embolization of tumor-feeding artery branched from external carotid artery with gelfoam by Seldinger technique was carried in 18 cases with oral cavity tumor.Results After preoperative embolization,hemorrhage and complication rate during operation were markedly reduced.The respectable rate of the tumor was increased.Conclusion Preoperative superselective external carotid artery branch embolization is useful and simple,which makes the subsequent surgery in deep oral cavity tumor more safe and effective.

The paper analyzed the impact of the trial for "lump-sum prepayment practice of medical insurance" on tertiary hospitals in Shanghai initiated by Shanghai Medical Insurance Bureau since 2009. Based on the analysis, the authors recommended that the hospitals should adapt to the changes by raising quality of care, improving cost accounting, informationizing and refining medical insurance information management, as well as controlling expenses on a rational basis. These approaches will help them adapt to and promote the ongoing health reform in China.

Gene therapy refers to the introduction of normal genes into human target cells for correcting gene defects or exerting therapeutic action,and thus achieves the goal of treatment of disease.Bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) are stem cells that possess self-renewal and multi-directional differentiation potential and easy to amplify in vitro,and they also express many therapeutic exogenous genes in vitro or in vivo.So BMSCs have been regarded as an ideal target cell of cell and gene therapy.This article reviews the biological characteristic of BMSCs,some commonly used gene therapy vectors and their applications in gene therapy of central nervous system diseases.