Objective To investigate the survival of islet isograft in NOD mice treated with islet antigen-specific regulatory T cells.Methods GAD-65 antigen pulsed immature dendritic cells (imDC) were used to induce naive T cells into islet antigen-specific regulatory T cells.NOD mice which had progressed to type 1 diabetes (T1DM),as the recipients,received islet isografts (500 IEQ) under renal capsule from NOD mice without T1DM.In NOD mice in control group without transplantation,the changes in blood glucose (BG) were observed.NOD mice in simple islet transplantation group were given islet isograft without Treg infusion.In experiment group,NOD mice were infused with 1 × 106 islet antigen-specific regulatory T cells on the 1st day before transplantation,subsequently underwent islet isotransplantation.The survival of the islet isograft was evaluated by BG levels and the pathological changes were observed.Results BG levels were sustained above 11.1 mmol/L in control group.In simple islet transplantation group,BG level was decreased to the normal level in 1 ～2 days after transplantation,and began to rebound in 7～ 17 days posttransplantation and maintained at the preoperative level.The mean survival of the islet isograft in the NOD mice was (12.2 ± 2.6) day;In experiment group,BG level was decreased to the normal level in 1 ～2 days after transplantation,rebounded above 11.1 mmol/L in some mice on the 27th day after transplantation,and rebounded above 11.1 rnmol/L on the 43th day in all mice.The mean survival of the islet isograft in the NOD mice was (35.2 ± 4.3) days,which was significantly prolonged compared to simple islet transplantation group (P＜ 0.01).In simple islet transplantation group,the islet isograft was infiltrated by many lymph cells and damaged severely,and only few residual islet cells secreted insulin without complete islet existing in insulin staining.The islet isograft in experiment group was intact on the 15th day,with little lymph cell infiltration and a great number of islets secreting insulin.Conclusion Infusion of islet antigen-specific regulatory T cells induced by imDC and islet antigen GAD-65 in vitro could delay the destruction of autoimmune system and prolong the islet isograft survival in NOD mice.

Objective:To understand the current situation of nurses′ implementation of oral care for elderly patients, so as to improve oral care practice standard and quality of oral care constantly.Methods:Using convenient sampling method, 190 nurses in the general ward of the General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University were selected as the research object from September to November 2020. The self-designed questionnaire was used to investigate and analyze the implementation of oral care among elderly patients.Results:A total of 190 questionnaires were collected in this survey, 84.74%(161/190) of the nurses reported that the hospital or department had oral care practice standard; The proportion of nurses who evaluated the oral status of elderly patients by the oral care assessment tool was 17.89%(34/190).Only 14.74%(28/190) and 16.84%(32/190) of the nurses could always set the expected rehabilitation goals and formulate the corresponding nursing plans for the oral problems of elderly patients, respectively. When the elderly patients had special oral problems, 26.32% (50/190) of the nurses would proactively communicate with doctors or search literature; the oral knowledge and oral hygiene habits of the elderly patients would be known to nurses accounting for 5.26% (10/190).Conclusions:Nurses′ cognition of oral care for elderly patients is at a low level on the structure, process and outcome.Relevant nursing managers still need to further improve the oral care operation norms and the training of nurses′ knowledge and skills, so as to continuously promote the oral health of elderly patients.

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the validity and reliability of Diabetes Self-management Knowledge, Attitude, and Behavior Assessment Scale (DSKAB).

METHODSWe selected 460 patients with diabetes in the community, used the scale which was after two rounds of the Delphi method and pilot study. Investigators surveyed the patients by the way of face to face. by draw lots, we selected 25 community diabetes randomly for repeating investigations after one week. The validity analyses included face validity, content validity, construct validity and discriminant validity. The reliability analyses included Cronbach's α coefficient, θ coefficient, Ω coefficient, split-half reliability and test-retest reliability.

RESULTSThis study distributed a total of 460 questionnaires, reclaimed 442, qualified 432. The score of the scale was 254.59 ± 28.90, the scores of the knowledge, attitude, behavior sub-scales were 82.44 ± 11.24, 63.53 ± 5.77 and 108.61 ± 17.55, respectively. It had excellent face validity and content validity. The correlation coefficient was from 0.71 to 0.91 among three sub-scales and the scale, P<0.001. The common factor cumulative variance contribution rate of the scale and three sub-scales was from 57.28% to 67.19%, which achieved more than 50% of the approved standard, there was 25 common factors, 91 items of the total 98 items held factor loading ≥0.40 in its relevant common factor, it had good construct validity. The scores of high group and low group in three sub-scales were: knowledge (91.12 ± 3.62) and (69.96 ± 11.20), attitude (68.75 ± 4.51) and (58.79 ± 4.87), behavior (129.38 ± 8.53) and (89.65 ± 11.34),mean scores of three sub-scales were apparently different, which compared between high score group and low score group, the t value were - 19.45, -16.24 and -30.29, respectively, P<0.001, and it had good discriminant validity. The Cronbach's α coefficient of the scale and three sub-scales was from 0.79 to 0.93, the θ coefficient was from 0.86 to 0.95, the Ω coefficient was from 0.90 to 0.98, split-half reliability was from 0.89 to 0.95.Test-retest reliability of the scale was 0.51;the three sub-scales was from 0.46 to 0.52, P<0.05.

CONCLUSIONThe validity and reliability of the Diabetes Self-management Knowledge, Attitude, and Behavior Assessment Scale are excellent, which is a suitable instrument to evaluate the self-management for patients with diabetes.

Diabetes Mellitus ; therapy ; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice ; Humans ; Pilot Projects ; Reproducibility of Results ; Self Care ; Surveys and Questionnaires

Objective To investigate the changes of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF-1α, HIF-2α) expression level in lung cancer A-549 cells under normoxic conditions, different hypoxia durations, and different oxygen concentrations. Methods A549 cells were divided into normoxic group, time control group, and oxygen concentration control group. Western blot was used to detect the expression of HIF-1α and HIF-2α in A-549 cells.Results The expression of HIF-1α and HIF-2α protein were lower under normoxia and significantly increased under hypoxic conditions. The difference was statistically significant. The lower the oxygen concentration, the more HIF-1α and HIF-2α protein expression levels were. The differences between high and high were statistically significant. The expression of HIF-1α protein increased at 2 h after hypoxia, peaked at 8 h, appeared plateau at 8 to 16 h, and decreased at 32 h, with a statistically significant difference. HIF-2α proteins gradually increased with prolonged hypoxia. Conclusions Under hypoxic conditions, the expression of HIF-1α and HIF-2α are increased, and the expression of HIF-2α has a time-dependent pattern, which may have more important biological significance.

Objective: To study the role of Treg cells in the development of mouse experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) through depleting or transplanting Treg cells. Methods: C57BL/6 mice were injected with anti-CD25 monoclonal antibody to deplete natural CD25-expressing Treg cells in vivo, and then treated with MOG_35-55/CFA to induce EAE. Their EAE scores were compared with those of the mice without Treg cell deletion (control group). The numbers and percentages of CD4⁺ Foxp3⁺ cells in mouse blood samples on 6 d, 10 d, 20 d and 35 d were quantified using flow cytometry. To evaluate the therapeutic effect of Treg cells transplantation on EAE, magnetic activated cell sorting (MACS) combined with fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) was used to isolate Treg cells from spleen and lymph nodes of Foxp3^GFP+ transgenic mice on 6 d after EAE induction. Then the cells were injected through tail vein into wild-type mice on 6 d after EAE induction. The EAE scores of both recipient and control mice were recorded and compared. Results: The efficiency of natural Treg cells depletion with anti-CD25 antibody was above 95%. The mice with Treg cell depletion developed significantly more severe EAE than the control mice after MOG_35-55/CFA induction. FACS analysis of Treg cells during the development of EAE demonstrated that the lowest Treg cell percentage was detected on 6 d after EAE induction, hence it was the time point for the transplantation of Treg cells. CD4⁺ GFP⁺ Treg cells were isolated from Foxp3^GFP+ transgenic mice on 6 d after EAE induction and immediately transplanted into wild-type mice on 6 d after EAE induction. The transplantation of isolated Treg cells significantly alleviated the EAE in mice as compared with the control group. Conclusions Mice with Treg cell depletion developed severer EAE than the control mice after induction, but the EAE score could be significantly reduced with the transplantation of Treg cells. This study showed that the transplanted Treg cells had protective effect on mice during the course of EAE development. Thus, Treg cell transplantation could be used as an effective therapeutic approach for the treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS).